Participants in this arm received a four-week online mindfulness-based therapy program. The program consisted of weekly 60-90-minute group sessions delivered online in small groups of approximately 8-10 participants. The sessions included breathing awareness meditation, body scan meditation, self-compassion meditation, and chair yoga practices. Participants were also encouraged to practise breathing awareness and body scan exercises at home for 10-15 minutes daily and to record their practice using a mindfulness practice log.

Participants in this arm continued their usual medical care during the study period and did not receive the mindfulness-based therapy program during the active study phase. After completion of the six-month follow-up assessment, participants were provided with video and audio recordings and written materials introducing the mindfulness techniques used in the intervention group.

The intervention was a four-week online mindfulness-based therapy program delivered in small groups of approximately 8-10 participants. Participants attended one 60-90-minute online group session per week. The program included breathing awareness meditation, body scan meditation, self-compassion meditation, and chair yoga practices adapted for office workers with non-specific chronic low back pain. Each session included a brief theoretical introduction, guided practice, participant reflection, and a question-and-answer section. Participants were encouraged to practise breathing awareness and body scan exercises at home for 10-15 minutes daily and to record their practice, thoughts, and emotions using a mindfulness practice log.

Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), a 0-100 scale in which higher scores indicate greater pain severity.

Physical activity level was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The questionnaire assesses walking, moderate-intensity activity, vigorous-intensity activity, and sitting time during the previous 7 days. Physical activity is reported as metabolic equivalent task minutes per week (MET-min/week). Higher MET-min/week values indicate higher physical activity levels.