The Effect of a Structured Combined Exercise Program on Heart Rate Variability and Menopausal Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effect of a Structured Combined Exercise Program on Heart Rate Variability and Menopausal Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a structured combined exercise program can improve heart health, menopausal symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life in postmenopausal women aged 45 to 65 years.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does the exercise program improve heart rate variability, which shows how well the heart is controlled by the nervous system? Does the exercise program lower menopausal symptoms? Does the exercise program improve sleep quality and quality of life?
Researchers will compare women who join the exercise program with women who continue their usual daily activities.
Participants in the exercise group will take part in a supervised exercise program for 12 weeks. They will exercise 2 days each week. Each session will last 45 minutes and will include warm-up, balance, strengthening, coordination, flexibility, and cool-down exercises.
Participants in the control group will continue their usual daily activities during the study.
Menopause is associated with hormonal changes that may negatively affect cardiovascular, neurological, and psychological health. Reduced estrogen levels during the postmenopausal period have been linked to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, increased cardiovascular risk, vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and reduced quality of life. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system function and reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Lower HRV values have been associated with stress, poor sleep quality, and psychological symptoms in postmenopausal women.
Exercise is considered one of the most effective non-pharmacological interventions for improving menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular health. Previous studies suggest that regular exercise may improve autonomic nervous system regulation and HRV. However, evidence regarding the effects of structured combined exercise programs on HRV and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women remains limited and inconsistent. In addition, few randomized controlled studies have examined the relationship between changes in autonomic nervous system function and menopausal symptoms.
This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of a structured combined exercise program on cardiac autonomic nervous system function assessed by HRV in postmenopausal women. Secondary aims are to evaluate the effects of the exercise program on menopausal symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life, and to examine the relationship between changes in HRV and symptom-related outcomes.
The intervention will consist of a 12-week supervised structured combined exercise program performed twice weekly. Each session will include warm-up, balance, strengthening, coordination, flexibility, and cool-down exercises. Exercises will be progressively adjusted according to participants' functional capacity and performed under physiotherapist supervision.
Statistical analyses will be conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0. Data distribution will be assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Appropriate parametric and non-parametric statistical tests will be used for within-group and between-group comparisons. Statistical significance will be accepted at p < 0.05.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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