The objective of this project is to develop a tracheal intubation teaching curriculum covering both normal and difficult airways using CT three-dimensional imaging and 3D printing technologies, enabling trainees to intuitively learn anatomical knowledge, operational skills, and special handling techniques, and to evaluate the learning outcomes. The research content includes the establishment of airway models and the training of students. Trainees in Group A will be trained using the tracheal intubation curriculum independently developed in this project, while trainees in Group B will be trained using traditional teaching methods, where instructors explain the course content via PowerPoint, elaborate on key and difficult points, answer student questions, and provide a summary. The teaching content for both groups is identical. After the teaching session, the teaching effectiveness will be evaluated using the second part of the teaching assessment methods.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The only patients who were selected for the intubation were grade I and II according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), non-obese and with good visualization of soft palate and uvula (Mallampati classification)

Exclusion Criteria:

• no