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The goal of this study is to explore whether of GLP-1 receptor agonist use is associated with differences in taste, smell, food preferences, appetite, food cravings, and responses to food cues in adults. The study includes adults who are not currently taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist but may be eligible to use one, and adults who are already taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist as part of their regular medical care for approximately 1 month or approximately 6 months.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Are taste and smell function different among adults who are not taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist and adults who have been taking one for different lengths of time? Are food preferences, appetite, food cravings, food reward, attention to food cues, and salivary responses to food cues different among these groups? Researchers will compare adults not currently taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist with adults taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist for approximately 1 month or approximately 6 months. The research team will not prescribe, assign, or provide GLP-1 receptor agonist medications.
People in the study will attend two in-person study visits, complete taste and smell tests, complete food preference and computer-based tasks, and provide saliva samples during a food cue task. Questionnaires about appetite, cravings, food cues, and eating behavior will be completed at home over approximately 2 weeks.
This cross-sectional study examines associations between GLP-1 receptor agonist use, chemosensory function, and ingestive behavior in adults. People enrolled in the study are classified into groups based on GLP-1 receptor agonist use status and duration of use: adults who are not currently taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist but may be eligible to use one, adults taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist for approximately 1 month, and adults taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist for approximately 6 months.
GLP-1 receptor agonist use is not assigned by the research team. People who are taking these medications are using them as part of their regular medical care. The study team does not prescribe, administer, or change GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment.
Study procedures include assessments of taste and smell function, food preferences, food reward, appetite, food cravings, food cue responsivity, attentional responses to food cues, and salivary responses to a food cue. Outcomes will be compared across groups to explore whether GLP-1 receptor agonist use and duration of use are associated with differences in chemosensory function and ingestive behavior.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-use / Not Currently Taking GLP-1RA | Adults who are not currently taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist but may be eligible to use one based on body weight criteria (BMI > 30). Participants in this group are not assigned to GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment by the study team. | ||
| Approximately 1 Month GLP-1RA Use | Adults who have been taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist as part of their regular medical care for approximately 1 month. GLP-1 receptor agonist use is not assigned, prescribed, or modified by the study team. | ||
| Approximately 6 Months GLP-1RA Use | Adults who have been taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist as part of their regular medical care for approximately 6 months. GLP-1 receptor agonist use is not assigned, prescribed, or modified by the study team. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Taste Detection Thresholds | Taste detection thresholds will be assessed for sweet, salty, sour, and bitter stimuli (sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and urea, respectively) using a two-alternative forced-choice staircase procedure, in which participants identify which of two samples contains the taste stimulus. Separate outcomes will be reported for each taste quality: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. For each taste quality, the threshold will be calculated as the geometric mean concentration at which the stimulus is reliably detected and will be reported in mmol/L. Lower threshold values indicate greater taste sensitivity. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Suprathreshold Taste Intensity | Suprathreshold taste intensity will be assessed for sweet, salty, sour, and bitter stimuli (sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and urea, respectively) using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Separate outcomes will be reported for each taste quality and stimulus concentration. For each taste quality, participants will rate the perceived intensity of suprathreshold stimulus concentrations. The scale ranges from 0 to 100, with 0 anchored by "no sensation" and 100 anchored by "strongest imaginable sensation of any kind." Higher scores indicate greater perceived taste intensity. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Taste Hedonics | Taste hedonics will be assessed using a food modification task in which participants create preferred concentrations for sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and fatty stimuli. Separate outcomes will be reported for each stimulus type: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and fatty. For each stimulus type, the outcome will be the preferred concentration selected by the participant. Higher values indicate preference for a higher concentration of that stimulus and do not necessarily indicate a better or worse outcome. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Fat Taste Intensity Rating | Fat taste perception will be assessed using edible strips containing different concentrations of linoleic acid. Participants will rate the perceived intensity of each strip using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Separate outcomes will be reported for each linoleic acid concentration. The scale ranges from 0 to 100, with 0 anchored by "no sensation" and 100 anchored by "strongest imaginable sensation of any kind." Higher scores indicate greater perceived fat taste intensity. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Food Preferences | Food preferences will be assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Participants will view food images and rate how much they like and want to eat each food item. Ratings will be used to assess explicit liking and wanting for foods. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults aged 18 to 65 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m² will be recruited. The study population includes individuals who are eligible to take GLP-1 receptor agonists but have not yet started treatment, and individuals who have been taking GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight management for approximately 1 month or approximately 6 months as part of their regular medical care. Participants will be recruited from the general population and through healthcare providers at IU Health.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Richard D Mattes, PhD, RD, MPH | Purdue University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Purdue University | West Lafayette | Indiana | 47906 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31665455 | Background | Kadouh H, Chedid V, Halawi H, Burton DD, Clark MM, Khemani D, Vella A, Acosta A, Camilleri M. GLP-1 Analog Modulates Appetite, Taste Preference, Gut Hormones, and Regional Body Fat Stores in Adults with Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):1552-63. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz140. |
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Individual participant data will not be shared because the current IRB-approved protocol does not include a formal plan for external individual participant data sharing. Study data will be maintained in de-identified form, and identifiers/code keys will be stored separately and destroyed according to the approved protocol. De-identified data may be used by the study team for approved secondary analyses, but individual participant data will not be made publicly available or shared externally.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D000086582 | Anosmia |
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D005518 | Food Preferences |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| ArOMa-T Olfactory Test Performance | Olfactory function will be assessed using the ArOMa-T test. Participants will smell odor stimuli and provide computer-based responses to questions assessing olfactory performance. The outcome will be the ArOMa-T test score, with higher scores indicating better olfactory performance. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| SCENTinel Olfactory Test Performance | Olfactory function will be assessed using the SCENTinel test. Participants will smell odor stimuli and provide computer-based responses to questions assessing odor detection, odor identification, odor intensity, and odor pleasantness. Separate outcomes will be reported for each SCENTinel component. Higher scores indicate better odor detection or identification performance, greater perceived odor intensity, or greater perceived odor pleasantness, depending on the component assessed. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Attentional Bias to Food Cues |
Attentional bias to food cues will be assessed using a Food Stroop Task. Participants will view food-related and non-food words and respond to the color of each word while ignoring the meaning of the word. Response patterns will be used to assess attentional bias toward food-related cues. |
| During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Questionnaire-Based Measures of Food Cravings, Food Cue Responsivity, Food Noise, and Eating Behavior | Questionnaire-based measures will be used to assess food cravings, food cue responsivity, food-related intrusive thoughts, perceived food reward, and eating behavior. Participants will complete the Food Cue Responsivity Scale, the Modified Trait and State Food Cravings Questionnaires, the Power of Food Scale, the Food Noise Questionnaire, and the Reasons Individuals Stop Eating Questionnaire. These questionnaires will assess sensitivity to food-related cues, typical and momentary food cravings, food-related intrusive thoughts, perceived responsiveness to the food environment, and reasons for stopping eating, including motivations and physical cues related to meal termination and satisfaction. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Dietary Intake | Dietary intake will be assessed using ASA24, the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Participants will complete three 24-hour dietary recalls on different days, including two weekdays and one weekend day, to report foods and beverages consumed over the previous 24 hours. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| Cephalic-Phase Salivary Response | Cephalic-phase salivary response will be assessed by measuring saliva production at baseline and during exposure to a food cue. Saliva will be collected during a baseline period and again while participants simulate eating a food item by focusing on its smell, taste, and texture. Saliva will be collected in graduated tubes and weighed to quantify salivary output. Change in salivation from baseline to food cue exposure will be compared across groups. | During study participation, up to 2 weeks |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000857 | Olfaction Disorders |
| D012678 | Sensation Disorders |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001522 | Behavior, Animal |
| D001519 | Behavior |