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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Lahore Hospital (ULH) | NETWORK |
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This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercises and swiss ball exercises in females with non-specific chronic low back pain. The study evaluates pain intensity, disability, lumbar range of motion, and core muscle endurance following different rehabilitation protocols.
Non-specific chronic low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder associated with pain, restricted lumbar mobility, and reduced functional capacity. Weakness of core stabilizing muscles contributes significantly to spinal instability and persistent symptoms.
Exercise-based physiotherapy interventions including pelvic floor muscle exercises and swiss ball exercises are commonly used to improve core stability, lumbar mobility, muscle endurance, and pain management.
This randomized controlled trial will compare the effects of:
Baseline physiotherapy alone Baseline physiotherapy combined with swiss ball exercises Baseline physiotherapy combined with pelvic floor muscle exercises
A total of 69 participants will be randomly allocated into three parallel groups. Outcome measures including pain, disability, lumbar range of motion, and muscle endurance will be assessed before and after intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group (Baseline Physiotherapy) | Active Comparator | Participants will receive baseline physiotherapy treatment including heating pad application, stretching exercises, and strengthening exercises. |
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| Experimental Group (Swiss Ball Exercises + Baseline Physiotherapy) | Experimental | Participants will receive baseline physiotherapy combined with swiss ball exercises including curl-up, bridging, and front plank exercises. |
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| Experimental Group (Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises + Baseline Physiotherapy) | Experimental | Participants will receive baseline physiotherapy combined with pelvic floor muscle exercises for core stabilization and pain reduction. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Physiotherapy | Other | Baseline physiotherapy includes heating pad application, stretching exercises, and strengthening exercises for lumbar stabilization and pain reduction. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Pain Severity Measured by Revised Short McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) | Pain severity and pain quality will be assessed using the Revised Short McGill Pain Questionnaire Version-2 (SF-MPQ-2). | Baseline and 6 weeks after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Functional Disability Measured by Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) | Functional disability associated with chronic low back pain will be measured using the Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire. | Baseline and 6 weeks after intervention |
| Change in Lumbar Range of Motion Measured by Inclinometer |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Lahore | Lahore | Punjab Province | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28137402 | Background | Souza MC, Jennings F, Morimoto H, Natour J. Swiss ball exercises improve muscle strength and walking performance in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2017 Jan-Feb;57(1):45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.009. Epub 2016 Oct 20. English, Portuguese. | |
| 31664424 | Background |
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Individual participant data will not be shared because this study was conducted as an academic research project. The informed consent obtained from participants did not include provisions for public data sharing, and the dataset contains sensitive personal health information. Data will be stored securely and used only for academic and research purposes in accordance with institutional ethics approval.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017116 | Low Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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Participants will be randomly assigned into three parallel groups receiving different exercise-based physiotherapy interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain.
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The outcome assessor will remain blinded to participant allocation and intervention protocols to minimize assessment bias.
| Swiss Ball Exercises | Other | Swiss ball exercises include curl-up, bridging, and front plank exercises performed on a swiss ball to improve core stability, balance, and muscle endurance. |
|
| Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises | Other | Pelvic floor muscle exercises involve repeated contraction and relaxation cycles of pelvic floor muscles to improve core muscle activation, spinal support, and lumbar stability. |
|
Lumbar flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation range of motion will be measured using an inclinometer. |
| Baseline and 6 weeks after intervention |
| Change in Core Muscle Endurance Measured by Pressure Biofeedback Unit | Core muscle endurance including transverse abdominis, quadratus lumborum, and pelvic floor muscles will be measured using a pressure biofeedback unit. | Baseline and 6 weeks after intervention |
| de Souza IMB, Sakaguchi TF, Yuan SLK, Matsutani LA, do Espirito-Santo AS, Pereira CAB, Marques AP. Prevalence of low back pain in the elderly population: a systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2019 Oct 28;74:e789. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e789. eCollection 2019. |
| 39337874 | Background | Custers P, Van de Kelft E, Eeckhaut B, Sabbe W, Hofman A, Debuysscher A, Van Acker G, Maes G. Clinical Examination, Diagnosis, and Conservative Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel). 2024 Aug 29;14(9):1090. doi: 10.3390/life14091090. |
| Background | Choi, Y., & Lee, S. (2021). Effects of pressure biofeedback application location for subjects with lumbar instability on pelvic rotation and hip joint abductor muscle activity during the Clam exercise. Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, 10(2), 90-97. |
| 35507483 | Background | Chiarotto A, Koes BW. Nonspecific Low Back Pain. N Engl J Med. 2022 May 5;386(18):1732-1740. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2032396. No abstract available. |
| Background | Casiano, V. E., Sarwan, G., Dydyk, A. M., & Varacallo, M. (2023). Back pain. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. |
| 32349867 | Background | Bernard S, Gentilcore-Saulnier E, Masse-Alarie H, Moffet H. Is adding pelvic floor muscle training to an exercise intervention more effective at improving pain in patients with non-specific low back pain? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Physiotherapy. 2021 Mar;110:15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.02.005. Epub 2020 Mar 2. |
| Background | Bandy, W. D., & Lairamore, C. (2023). MEASUREMENT of RANGE of MOTION of the THORACIC and LUMBAR SPINE. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-Book: Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-Book, 235. |
| 29238262 | Background | Atalay E, Akova B, Gur H, Sekir U. Effect of Upper-Extremity Strengthening Exercises on the Lumbar Strength, Disability and Pain of Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Sports Sci Med. 2017 Dec 1;16(4):595-603. eCollection 2017 Dec. |
| Background | Arovah, N. I., Agustiningtyas, I., & Pratiwi, K. S. (2025). Concurrent and Convergent Validity of Goniometers Versus Bubble Inclinometers in Measuring Thoracolumbar Movement in Low Back Pain Patients. Medical Rehabilitation, 28(3), 27-34. |
| 29650015 | Background | Amundsen PA, Evans DW, Rajendran D, Bright P, Bjorkli T, Eldridge S, Buchbinder R, Underwood M, Froud R. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used in non-specific low back pain trials: a review of randomised controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 Apr 12;19(1):113. doi: 10.1186/s12891-018-2034-6. |
| 24268996 | Background | Altman BM. Definitions, concepts, and measures of disability. Ann Epidemiol. 2014 Jan;24(1):2-7. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.05.018. Epub 2013 Oct 29. |
| Background | Aksen-Cengizhan, P., Onay, D., Sever, O., & Doğan, A. A. (2018). A comparison between core exercises with Theraband and Swiss Ball in terms of core stabilization and balance performance. Isokinetics and exercise science, 26(3), 183-191. |
| 35003902 | Background | Agnus Tom A, Rajkumar E, John R, Joshua George A. Determinants of quality of life in individuals with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2022 Jan 5;10(1):124-144. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2021.2022487. eCollection 2022. |
| 35496721 | Background | Abdel-Aziem AA, Abdelraouf OR, El-Basatiny HMY, Draz AH. The Effects of Stabilization Exercises Combined With Pelvic Floor Exercise in Women With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Chiropr Med. 2021 Dec;20(4):229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2021.12.008. Epub 2022 Apr 6. |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |