Study participants will be prospectively recruited from consecutive outpatient and inpatient populations presenting to the Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Departments of the following participating institutions: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and [add additional participating institutions as applicable].

Inclusion Criteria:

• - Aged ≥ 18 years.
• For the case group: Presence of valvular lesions confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography.
• For the control group: Normal cardiac valves and no evidence of other cardiovascular diseases confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography.
• Ability to undergo and complete speckle tracking echocardiography.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who are unwilling to participate in this study.
• Patients with a known allergy to the electrode patches or medical adhesive tapes used in this study.
• Patients who are unable to cooperate with the completion of required examinations.
• Patients with incomplete clinical or imaging data that cannot be supplemented.

The study sample will be recruited from outpatient and inpatient populations in the cardiology and cardiac surgery departments of multiple participating centers, covering patients with valvular heart disease of various types and severity levels, as well as healthy individuals or those undergoing routine health check-ups as controls. Specifically, the case group consists of patients aged ≥ 18 years with valvular lesions confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography and who can complete speckle tracking echocardiography, while the control group includes individuals with normal cardiac valves and no other cardiovascular diseases confirmed by echocardiography.