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This randomized controlled trial evaluates the effect of reciprocal maternal-infant voice exposure on maternal attachment and breastfeeding outcomes in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Infants in the intervention group are exposed to recordings of their mothers' voices, while mothers simultaneously listen to recordings of their infants' sounds between the 6th and 12th postpartum hours. The intervention is administered every 2 hours for 30 minutes. Outcomes include maternal attachment, breastfeeding effectiveness, breastfeeding self-efficacy, infant feeding intention, perceived insufficient milk, and expressed breast milk volume. Neonatal physiological parameters and blood gas values are also assessed. The findings aim to support family-centered NICU care through non-invasive auditory interventions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reciprocal Voice Exposure Group | Experimental | Reciprocal auditory stimulation consisting of maternal voice recordings played to infants and infant sound recordings played to mothers every 2 hours for 30 minutes between the 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
|
| Routine Care Group | No Intervention | Standard NICU care without auditory stimulation. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reciprocal Voice Exposure Group | Behavioral | Reciprocal auditory stimulation consisting of maternal voice recordings played to infants and infant sound recordings played to mothers every 2 hours for 30 minutes between the 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal Attachment | Measured using the Maternal Attachment Inventory (26 items; scores range from 26 to 104; higher scores indicate stronger attachment). | 12th postpartum hour |
| Breastfeeding Effectiveness | Measured using the Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (scores range from 0 to 8; higher scores indicate more effective breastfeeding). | 12th postpartum hour |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy | Measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (14 items; scores range from 14 to 70; higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy). | 12th postpartum hour |
| Infant Feeding Intention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nilgün Avcı | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001942 | Breast Feeding |
| D059245 | Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D012127 | Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn |
| D012128 | Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Measured using the Infant Feeding Intention Scale. Scores range from 0 to 16; higher scores indicate stronger intention to breastfeed.
| 12th postpartum hour |
| Perceived Insufficient Milk | Measured using the Perceived Insufficient Milk Scale. Higher scores indicate greater perceived milk insufficiency. | 12th postpartum hour |
| Expressed Breast Milk Volume | Volume of breast milk expressed using an electric pump, measured in milliliters (mL). | Between 6th and 12th postpartum hours |
| Neonatal Physiological Parameters | Respiratory Rate: Measured in breaths per minute. | 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th postpartum hours |
| Oxygen Saturation | Peripheral oxygen saturation measured as percentage (%). | 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Heart Rate | Heart rate measured in beats per minute (bpm). | 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Partial Pressure of Oxygen (pO₂) | Partial pressure of oxygen measured in mmHg. | Between 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (pCO₂) | Partial pressure of carbon dioxide measured in mmHg. | Between 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Blood pH | Blood pH measured as a unitless value. | Between 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
| Blood Lactate Level | Blood lactate level measured in mmol/L. | Between 6th and 12th postpartum hours. |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D059246 | Tachypnea |
| D007235 | Infant, Premature, Diseases |
| D007232 | Infant, Newborn, Diseases |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |