The tDCS was applied as a bilateral montage with the anode of the tDCS device (ActivaDose II, ActivaTek Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) applied to the involved hemisphere and the cathode over the unaffected hemisphere. The dosage of the tDCS device was one mA for 60 minutes for the duration of the gait training delivered via a pair of sponge electrodes moistened with 0.9% NaCl solution. The exact locations for the electrode placements were based on a 20-point electrode system, in which we chose two points that targeted the motor cortex region corresponding to the left lower limb. Treatments were performed twice weekly over the 8 weeks.

The FES was administered to the tibialis anterior muscle of the impaired lower extremity with one electrode over the common peroneal nerve at the head of the fibula and the other over a motor point in the middle of the muscle belly of the tibialis anterior muscle.

The tDCS was applied as a bilateral montage with the anode of the tDCS device (ActivaDose II, ActivaTek Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) applied to the involved hemisphere and the cathode over the unaffected hemisphere. The dosage of the tDCS device was set initially at one mA for 60 minutes and then for the duration of the gait training the machine was turned to subthreshold levels, delivered via a pair of sponge electrodes moistened with 0.9% NaCl solution. The exact locations for the electrode placements were based on a 20-point electrode system, in which we chose two points that targeted the motor cortex region corresponding to the left lower limb. Treatments were performed twice weekly over the 8 weeks.

The FES was administered to the tibialis anterior muscle of the impaired lower extremity with one electrode over the common peroneal nerve at the head of the fibula and the other over a motor point in the middle of the muscle belly of the tibialis anterior muscle.

The gait training consisted of treadmill training with forward and backward ambulation with speed progression as appropriate, ambulation over obstacles, ramp ambulation forwards and backwards, and stair ambulation up and down. In each condition, cues were to increase toe clearance on the affected limb and achieve heel strike at initial contact. Vitals were collected at the start and end of each session, and heart rate was measured at the end of each activity, along with the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), to determine whether the participant was working at a higher intensity than baseline.

For the motion capture, participants were fitted with a modified Cleveland Clinic marker set where 4 clusters of 4 markers were attached to the thighs and shanks, and wand-mounted markers were also attached bilaterally to the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) and the sacrum. Additionally, seven 14 mm reflective markers were attached to the shoe at the upper ridge of the posterior surface of the calcaneus, sustentaculum tali, and lateral aspect of the calcaneus (peroneal tubercle); the heads of the first, second, and fifth metatarsals (MET); and the tip of the shoe/second digit if barefooted. Scores will vary by participant, and the key finding is the change in score from pre- to post-testing, indicating whether or not the intervention effected this change. Minimum value is 10 mm, max value is 40 mm, with a higher score indicating better and safer clearance.

time for participants to traverse 10 meters. It is expected that post-training a lower score will be recorded, indicating faster walking and improved speed as a result of the intervention.

a series of walking and balancing tests that require walking 6 meters several times, performing different tasks. A higher score is expected post training, indicating fewer concerns with falling.