This study aims to examine the relationships between socio-ecological determinants, health literacy, and self-management agency among patients with diabetes mellitus. Using a path analysis framework, the study investigates how multi-level socio-ecological factors and different dimensions of health literacy influence patients' capacity for diabetes self-management. Understanding these pathways will support the development of comprehensive, context-sensitive interventions to improve diabetes outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition requiring sustained self-management behaviors influenced by individual capacities, social support systems, healthcare structures, community resources, and health policies. This observational study adopts the Social Ecological Model and Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory to evaluate the combined effects of socio-ecological determinants and health literacy on self-management agency.

Data will be collected using structured questionnaires, including adapted health literacy and self-care agency scales, along with researcher-developed instruments assessing socio-demographic variables and socio-ecological determinants. Path analysis will be employed to examine direct and indirect relationships among study variables.

Inclusion Criteria:

• - Adults aged 18 years and older.
• Diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Receiving follow-up care in outpatient or primary healthcare settings.
• Able to communicate verbally and provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• - Patients with severe cognitive impairment.
• Patients with acute medical conditions preventing participation.
• Pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

Adult patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and attending outpatient clinics or primary healthcare centers.