This research aimed to explore the impact of spinal and general anesthesia on penile length during surgery.

Penile length and erectile function are complex physiological processes influenced by an interplay of neural, vascular, and hormonal factors. The process of penile erection involves the relaxation of smooth muscles in the corpora cavernosa, leading to increased blood flow and penile engorgement.

Erectile dysfunction (ED), a prevalent condition in men, has been associated with numerous risk factors such as age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult male patients aged 21 years or older.
• Patients scheduled for elective urological surgeries including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURT).
• Patients who provided written informed consent for participation in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of a history of erectile dysfunction, penile deformities, or any urological conditions that could affect penile size.
• Undergoing emergency surgeries or procedures that required alternative anesthetic techniques.
• Known allergies or hypersensitivity to either spinal or general anesthesia.
• Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent.

Male patients scheduled for elective urological surgeries including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURT).

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.

After the end of study for one year.

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.