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The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of intravenous sedation using propofol alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine or midazolam for the removal of double J (D-J) ureteral stent.
Ureteral double J (D-J) stents have been common practice in the management of various urological conditions. D-J stents are often employed to alleviate pain, prevent infection, and clear obstructions encountered during urological treatments.
Dexmedetomidine is a selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist ( α2- AR), offering both sedation and pain relief while preserving respiratory function. Despite these benefits, one of the potential drawbacks of this medication is its tendency to lower both heart rate and blood pressure as a result of its sympatholytic properties.
Midazolam, a drug belonging to the benzodiazepines class, is commonly used for premedication before anesthesia, procedural sedation, and managing intense agitation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group P (Propofol alone) | Active Comparator | Patients received 10 ml of normal saline injected intravenous within 10 min then intravenous propofol titrated with normal saline and injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs. |
|
| Group D (Propofol and Dexmedetomidine) | Experimental | Patients received dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg intravenous titrated with 10 ml of normal saline injected within 10 min prior to propofol administration by 10 min. Propofol was injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs |
|
| Group M (Propofol and Midazolam) | Experimental | Patients received midazolam 0.05 mg/kg titrated with 10 ml of normal saline injected intravenous within 10 min prior to propofol administration by 10 min. Propofol was injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propofol | Drug | Patients received 10 ml of normal saline injected intravenous within 10 min then intravenous propofol titrated with normal saline and injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total propofol consumption | Total propofol consumption was recorded. | Intraoperatively |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sedation level | Sedation level was assessed preoperatively, every 5 minutes during the procedure and every 10 min during stay in the recovery area by Ramsay sedation scale classified 1-6 (1= anxious, 2= calm,3= lethargic, 4= confused and responsive to auditory stimuli, 5= sluggish response to auditory stimuli, 6= No response to painful stimuli) | 30 minutes in the recovery area |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanta University | Tanta | El-Gharbia | 31527 | Egypt |
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.
After the end of study for one year.
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.
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|
| Propofol and Dexmedetomidine | Drug | Patients received dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg intravenous titrated with 10 ml of normal saline injected within 10 min prior to propofol administration by 10 min. Propofol was injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs. |
|
| Propofol and Midazolam | Drug | Patients received midazolam 0.05 mg/kg titrated with 10 ml of normal saline injected intravenous within 10 min prior to propofol administration by 10 min. Propofol was injected with a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for the first bolus dose followed by intermittent doses of 20 mg per dose according to patient's needs. |
|
| Degree of patient satisfaction | Degree of patient satisfaction was assessed by using a 5 point Likert scale as follows 1. extremely dissatisfied; 2. unsatisfied; 3. neutral; 4. satisfied; 5. extremely satisfied | 24 hours postoperatively |
| Duration of stay in the recovery area | Duration of stay in the recovery area was recorded. | 30 minutes in the recovery area |
| Incidence of complications | Incidence of complications such as apnea, laryngospasm, hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, or any other complication were recorded. | 24 hours postoperatively |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015742 | Propofol |
| D020927 | Dexmedetomidine |
| D008874 | Midazolam |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010636 | Phenols |
| D001555 | Benzene Derivatives |
| D006841 | Hydrocarbons, Aromatic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D007093 | Imidazoles |
| D001393 | Azoles |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D001569 | Benzodiazepines |
| D001552 | Benzazepines |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
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