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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Universty of Milan | UNKNOWN |
| University of Physical Culture in Cracow | UNKNOWN |
| University of Rennes | OTHER |
| Universita Telematica E-Campus |
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This randomized, counterbalanced crossover study investigated whether a 30-minute daytime nap can mitigate the effects of experimentally induced mental fatigue in amateur master endurance athletes. Male athletes completed two home-based experimental sessions separated by one week: a mental fatigue condition, in which a 30-minute cognitively demanding task battery preceded the nap, and a control condition, in which participants took only the nap. Sleep parameters during the nap were monitored by wrist actigraphy, and perceived sleep quality was assessed after awakening. Subjective sleepiness, perceived mental fatigue, and cognitive performance were evaluated before the nap, immediately after the nap, and/or 30 minutes after the nap.
The study examined whether mental fatigue influenced nap characteristics and whether the nap improved recovery-related outcomes. The main outcomes included actigraphy-derived nap parameters, perceived sleep quality, sleepiness assessed with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, perceived mental fatigue assessed using a visual analogue scale, and cognitive performance assessed with a Flanker task.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Fatigue + Daytime Nap | Experimental | Participants completed a 30-minute mental fatigue induction protocol consisting of cognitively demanding tasks, followed by a 30-minute daytime nap performed at home between 14:00 and 15:00. Subjective sleepiness, perceived mental fatigue, nap characteristics, perceived sleep quality, and cognitive performance were assessed before and/or after the nap. |
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| Daytime Nap Control | Active Comparator | Participants completed the control condition consisting of a 30-minute daytime nap performed at home between 14:00 and 15:00, without the preceding mental fatigue induction protocol. Subjective sleepiness, perceived mental fatigue, nap characteristics, perceived sleep quality, and cognitive performance were assessed before and/or after the nap. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Fatigue Induction Protocol | Behavioral | Participants completed a 30-minute computerized cognitive task battery designed to induce mental fatigue before the daytime nap. The protocol consisted of three consecutive 10-minute cognitively demanding tasks: a Flanker task, a memory task, and a Stroop task. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived mental fatigue | Perceived mental fatigue was assessed using a 100-mm visual analogue scale for mental fatigue (VAS-MF), anchored from 0-mm "No mental fatigue" to 100-mm "Maximum mental fatigue." Participants marked the point that best represented their perceived level of mental fatigue. | Before the nap, immediately after the nap, and 30 minutes after the nap in each experimental condition. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective sleepiness | Subjective sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), a 9-point scale ranging from 1, "not sleepy at all," to 9, "extremely sleepy." | Before the nap, immediately after the nap, and 30 minutes after the nap |
| Flanker Task Reaction Time |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Milan | Milan | Italy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16679057 | Background | Kaida K, Takahashi M, Akerstedt T, Nakata A, Otsuka Y, Haratani T, Fukasawa K. Validation of the Karolinska sleepiness scale against performance and EEG variables. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Jul;117(7):1574-81. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.011. Epub 2006 May 6. | |
| 19131473 | Background | Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Mar;106(3):857-64. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008. Epub 2009 Jan 8. |
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Individual participant data will not be made publicly available. Data supporting the findings of this study may be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005222 | Mental Fatigue |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005221 | Fatigue |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
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| OTHER |
Participants completed a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study consisting of two experimental conditions separated by a one-week washout period. In one condition, participants underwent a 30-minute mental fatigue induction protocol before a 30-minute daytime nap; in the control condition, participants completed the nap without the preceding mental fatigue protocol. Each participant served as his own control, and the order of conditions was randomized.
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The researcher responsible for data processing and statistical analyses was blinded to condition allocation. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and the researcher supervising the experimental sessions could not be blinded.
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| Daytime Nap | Behavioral | Participants took a 30-minute daytime nap at home between 14:00 and 15:00, at least one hour after lunch, in a quiet and dimly lit room. Nap characteristics were monitored using wrist actigraphy, and perceived sleep quality was assessed after awakening. |
|
Accuracy during the computerized Flanker task was calculated as the percentage of correct responses and used as an indicator of executive function performance. Accuracy ranges from 0 to 100%. |
| 30 minutes after the nap in each experimental condition. |
| Perceived Nap Sleep Quality | Perceived sleep quality after the nap was assessed using a 10-point Likert scale, from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating better perceived sleep quality. | Immediately after the nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap start time | Clock time at which the nap period begins, usually identified from the rest interval or sleep diary. Nap start time is expressed as clock time, using the 24-hour format. | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap time in bed | Total time spent in bed or within the defined nap/rest interval, from nap start time to nap end time. Values are expressed in minutes. | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap total sleep time | Total duration of epochs scored as sleep during the nap/rest interval. Values are expressed in minutes. | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap sleep onset latency | Time elapsed between nap start time and the first epoch scored as sleep. Values are expressed in minutes. | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap sleep efficiency | Sleep efficiency is expressed as a percentage, ranging from 0% to 100%, and is calculated as the ratio between total sleep time and time in bed multiplied by 100 | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| Actigraphy-Derived nap fragmentation index | An index reflecting sleep disruption or restlessness, based on movement and short immobility bouts during the sleep period. Higher values indicate more fragmented sleep. Fragmentation index is expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100% | During the 30-minute daytime nap in each experimental condition. |
| 2107523 | Background | Macari M, Pela IR, Silva CA, Viana RS. Fever response induced by intravenous and intracerebroventricular injection of pyrogen in thyroidectomised and protein-calorie malnourished rabbits. Pflugers Arch. 1990 Jan;415(4):440-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00373621. |
| 36690376 | Background | Mesas AE, Nunez de Arenas-Arroyo S, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Garrido-Miguel M, Fernandez-Rodriguez R, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Torres-Costoso AI. Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2023 Apr;57(7):417-426. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106355. Epub 2023 Jan 23. |
| 34194254 | Background | Lastella M, Halson SL, Vitale JA, Memon AR, Vincent GE. To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021 Jun 24;13:841-862. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S315556. eCollection 2021. |
| 28044281 | Background | Van Cutsem J, Marcora S, De Pauw K, Bailey S, Meeusen R, Roelands B. The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2017 Aug;47(8):1569-1588. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0. |
| D001519 | Behavior |