Anemia is a global public health concern and is closely linked to dysfunction of brain cognitive neural networks, a key mechanism underlying cognitive impairment. Such deficits-including declines in memory, learning, processing speed, and executive function-reduce daily living abilities and increase risks of falls and depression.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables real-time monitoring of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin fluctuations, reflecting brain network function. This study aims to identify affected neural network regions in anemic patients and visualize connectivity changes using heatmaps and arc-based mapping. The findings will support early detection of cognitive impairment and guide precise clinical interventions, ultimately informing individualized treatment strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes and quality of life.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of anemia
• First hospitalization
• Male or female, aged 18-65 years
• Willing and able to comply with the requirements for this study and written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of psychiatric illness
• History of severe brain disease
• Subjects that the investigator believes have other reasons that make them unsuitable for inclusion in this study

Patients with anemia who were hospitalized for the first time during the period from 2026 to 2028.