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This study aims to investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR) training on pain intensity, functional disability, and lumbar reposition error in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) training in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). Chronic low back pain is a highly prevalent condition associated with impaired proprioception, altered motor control, and functional disability.
Fifty participants diagnosed with CNSLBP were randomly assigned into two groups. The intervention group received virtual reality-based training in addition to conventional physiotherapy, while the control group received conventional treatment alone.
Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), functional disability assessed by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and lumbar repositioning error measured using an iPhone inclinometer application.
The study aimed to determine whether VR training could significantly improve pain, functional outcomes, and proprioceptive accuracy in this population.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm 1 | Active Comparator | Participants in this group received conventional physiotherapy including TENS, therapeutic ultrasound, and proprioceptive exercises. |
|
| Group 2 | Experimental | Participants in this group received the same conventional physiotherapy program in addition to virtual reality (VR) training. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) | Device | TENS was applied in a prone position with electrodes placed over the painful area. Low-frequency stimulation (2-10 Hz) was used to achieve analgesic effects. Intensity was adjusted to produce a strong but comfortable tingling sensation. Each session lasted 20-60 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain intensity (VAS) | 1 Month | |
| Functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index) | 1 Month | |
| Lumbar reposition error (iPhone inclinometer) | 1 Month |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cairo University | Giza | 12613 | Egypt |
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| Therapeutic Ultrasound | Drug | Ultrasound therapy was applied using appropriate frequency (1 MHz for deep tissues, 3 MHz for superficial tissues) and intensity (0.5-2.0 W/cm²). Continuous or pulsed modes were selected based on the condition. Each session lasted 5-10 minutes. |
|
| Proprioceptive Exercises | Other | Participants performed trunk stabilization exercises including supine bridge, supine bridge on Swiss ball, and prone plank. Each exercise was performed for 30 seconds with 30 seconds rest, repeated 5 times, 3 sets per session, 3 times per week. |
|
| Virtual Reality (VR) Training | Device | Participants underwent VR training using Xbox 360 Kinect system. The setup included a motion sensor and projector, allowing full-body interaction through game-based activities. Training consisted of interactive games (e.g., rafting, running, ball hitting) designed to improve trunk control and motor function. Sessions were conducted twice weekly for 30 minutes over 12 weeks. Exercises included movements such as jumping, trunk tilting, and arm coordination, with progressive difficulty levels. |
|
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004561 | Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation |
| D014464 | Ultrasonic Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004599 | Electric Stimulation Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000698 | Analgesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |
| D003972 | Diathermy |
| D006979 | Hyperthermia, Induced |
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