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The goal of this study is to evaluate the combined effects of rhythmic breathing and balance training on balance, trunk control and postural control in patients with sub-acute stroke. The main questions it aims to answer are:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the combined effects of rhythmic breathing and balance training on balance, trunk control and postural control in sub-acute stroke patients. It will be a single blinded randomized controlled trial. Non-probability convenience sampling will be used to recruit 50 patients aged 45-65 years from Dr. Faisal Masood Teaching Hospital Sargodha. Through the computerized generator table method of randomization, the allocated patients will be evenly divided into two groups, the experimental group undergoing Rhythmic Breathing exercises along with Balance training and conventional physical therapy and the control group only balance training and physical therapy. Both the groups will perform their respective exercises for 60 minutes 3 days a week for consecutive 8 weeks. The stroke patients will be assessed at the baseline and post intervention with outcome measuring tools. Balance will be assessed through Berg Balance Scale (BBS), trunk control will be assessed through Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS), and postural control will be assessed through Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS). Data will be analyzed in SPSS version 27.0.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rhythmic breathing exercises | Experimental |
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| Balance training and conventional physical therapy | Active Comparator |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rhythmic breathing exercise | Other | The protocol for Rhythmic Breathing Exercises (22) is given as: Position: Supine with knees and hips slightly flexed, in a comfortable position Inhalation Phase: Deep inhalation with conscious outward movement of the abdomen; pause and hold for 10 seconds Exhalation Phase: Slow exhalation with conscious abdominal retraction, maintaining a slow and deep rhythm Hand Placement: One hand on the chest, one on the abdomen to monitor movement Breathing Cue: Only the hand on the abdomen should move during breathing; the chest should remain still Repetitions: 3 sets of 10 repetitions Rest Between Sets: 1 minute Total Duration: Limited to 10 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Berg Balance Scale | The BBS is a 14-item measure used to assess functional mobility, static balance, and dynamic balance excluding ambulation. However, BBS scores have also been correlated with stroke patient's motor and functional performance. Scores range on an ordinal scale from zero (indicating need for assistance to minimally perform the task) to four (indicating independent performance of the task); with a maximum possible score of 56. Historically, a score below 45/56 is typically indicative of increased fall risk. | Baseline and 8th week |
| Trunk Impairment Scale | The original version of Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) was developed by in 2004. It comprises 17 items (scored on a 2, 3 or 4-point ordinal scale) and evaluates static and dynamic sitting, balance and trunk coordination. The total score ranges from minimum 0 to maximum 23 points, a higher score indicating a better performance. | Baseline and 8th week |
| Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke | The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) is a scale developed specifically for stroke patients. It examines the patient's ability to maintain or change a given lying, sitting or standing posture, is easy to administer in the clinic and applicable to all patients, even those with very poor postural performance. It contains 12 items of varying difficulty for assessing ability to maintain or change a given lying, sitting, or standing posture. The items are assessed on a 4 level (0-3 point) rating scale. The score ranges from a minimum of 0 (worst performance) to a maximum of 36 (best performance). | Baseline and 8th week |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• Severe visual hemianopsia
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imran Amjad, Phd | Contact | 033324390125 | imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hira Jabeen | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Faisal Masood Teaching Hospital Sargodha | Recruiting | Sargodha | Punjab Province | 40100 | Pakistan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020521 | Stroke |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| Balance training | Other | Sitting-to-Standing: Performed using a stool with 3 sets of 5 repetitions Lateral Stepping: Walk 3 meters back and forth sideways with 3 sets of 5 repetitions Forward and Backward Stepping: 5 times with right leg stepping first, 5 times with left leg stepping first with 3 sets of 5 repetitions Forward Walking: Walk 3 meters back and forth, turn right at one end and left at the other wit 3 sets of 5 repetitions Stepping Up and Down: 5 times with right leg stepping first, 5 times with left leg stepping first with 3 sets of 5 repetitions Throwing and Catching Ball: Using a soft volleyball with 3 sets of 5 repetitions |
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| conventional physical therapy | Other | Warm-Up: Active/passive ROM exercises for upper and lower limbs, 3 days/week for 10-15 minutes Trunk Control Exercises: Bridging, pelvic tilts, seated trunk rotations, reaching tasks with 3 sets of 5 repetitions for 3 days/week for 20 minutes Strengthening Exercises: Resistance band work for lower limb extensors, upper limb flexors with 3 sets of 5 repetitions for 3 days/week for 15-20 minutes Stretching: Hamstrings, calf, hip flexors, upper trapezius with 3 sets of 5 repetitions for 3 days/week for 10 minutes Postural Control Training: Use of Swiss ball, sitting on unstable surfaces, dual-task exercises with 3 sets of 5 repetitions for 3 days/week for 15-20 minutes Gait Training: Parallel bar walking, overground ambulation, obstacle walking 3 sets of repetitions for 3 days/week for 15-20 minutes Cool Down: Deep breathing, guided relaxation with 3 days/week for 5-10 minutes Education: Fall prevention, safe transfers, home exercise program with weekly session for 10-15 minutes |
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| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |