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Physical fitness is a critical determinant of functional independence, disease prevention, and overall health. While global normative values for various fitness parameters exist, cultural, demographic, and ethnic differences necessitate the development of localized reference standards. This study aims to establish normative values for key fitness indicators-body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and flexibility.
It will be a descriptive cross-sectional study with approximately 800 participants through non-probability convenience sampling at Community Centers, Lahore. Fitness assessment will include body composition (height, weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, skinfold, body fat analyzer), muscle strength (handgrip via dynamometer, quadriceps strength via sit-to-stand test), flexibility (sitand-reach test), and endurance (push-up, curl-up, and 3-minute step tests). The expected outcomes will provide valuable normative data to support clinicians, therapists, and researchers in evaluating and promoting physical health in adult populations.
Physical fitness is a critical determinant of functional independence, disease prevention, and overall health. While global normative values for various fitness parameters exist, cultural, demographic, and ethnic differences necessitate the development of localized reference standards. Pakistan lacks comprehensive normative data for physical fitness parameters in adults, making clinical assessment and health promotion strategies less precise. This study aims to establish normative values for key fitness indicators-body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and flexibility.
It will be a descriptive cross-sectional study with approximately 800 participants through non-probability convenience sampling at Community Centers, Lahore. Participants will be screened for inclusion using the PAR-Q questionnaire. Fitness assessment will include body composition (height, weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, skinfold, body fat analyzer), muscle strength (handgrip via dynamometer, quadriceps strength via sit-to-stand test), flexibility (sitand-reach test), and endurance (push-up, curl-up, and 3-minute step tests). The study ensures standardized protocols per American College of Sports Medicine guidelines and ethical approval from the institutional board. The expected outcomes will provide valuable normative data to support clinicians, therapists, and researchers in evaluating and promoting physical health in adult populations. These findings may enhance physical activity promotion, musculoskeletal health evaluations, and public health policymaking in Pakistan.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1: 18 - 29 years | Cohort 1 will be approximately 200 consist of 100 males and 100 females. Subjects will be divided into cohort group according to their age. | ||
| Cohort 2: 30 - 41 years | Cohort 2 will be approximately 200 consist of 100 males and 100 females. Subjects will be divided into cohort group according to their age. | ||
| Cohort 3: 42 - 53 years | Cohort 3 will be approximately 200 consist of 100 males and 100 females. Subjects will be divided into cohort group according to their age. | ||
| Cohort 4: 54 - 65 years | Cohort 4 will be approximately 200 consist of 100 males and 100 females. Subjects will be divided into cohort group according to their age. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sit-Up/Curl-Up Test | Muscular endurance: Sit-Up/Curl-Up Test is administered to evaluate of the abdominal and hip flexor muscles participants will lie in a supine position on a mat with knees bent at approximately 90 degrees and arms crossed over the chest (or hands reaching toward the knees for curl-ups). On the "go" signal, participants will perform as many controlled repetitions as possible within one minute, ensuring proper form and full range of motion in each repetition. The total number of correctly completed repetitions is recorded and compared to age- and gender-specific normative values | Baseline |
| Queen's college step test | Cardiorespiratory fitness: will be assessed by the Queen's college step test (reliability = 0.92, validity = 0.75) will be used to estimate the VO2max. The step test will be performed using a tool of 16.25 inches height. Stepping will be performed for a total duration of 3 minutes at the rate of 22 steps per minute for females and 24 steps per minute for males which will be set by a metronome. After completing the stepping, the subject remains standing, wait 5 seconds, take a 15s heart rate count and multiply the HR by 4 to convert into beats per minute. following equation is used to predict VO2max. | Baseline |
| body composition fat analyzer | Body composition will be measured by the body composition fat analyzer is a device that breaks down weight into its core components: fat, protein, minerals, and body water. | Baseline |
| skinfold caliper | Skinfold thickness will be assessed at five anatomical sites: Biceps, Triceps, calf, abdomen, and thigh using a standardized skinfold caliper to estimate body fat percentage through validated prediction equations such as the Jackson & Pollock or Siri formula. | Baseline |
| handheld dynamometer |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| stadiometer | height (m2) will be measure through stadiometer | Baseline |
| weighing scales | weight (kg) will be measure through weighing scale. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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healthy adults
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Wajeeha Zia, PhD | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riphah International University, Lahore | Lahore | Punjab Province | 54000 | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34606392 | Background | Roberts-Lewis SF, White CM, Ashworth M, Rose MR. The validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for adults with progressive muscle diseases. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 Nov;44(23):7312-7320. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1983042. Epub 2021 Oct 4. | |
| 27619491 | Background | Ramos-Sepulveda JA, Ramirez-Velez R, Correa-Bautista JE, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Hermoso A. Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. BMC Public Health. 2016 Sep 13;16(1):962. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3652-2. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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Muscular strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer where participants will perform maximal isometric contractions with each hand three times, and the highest value from three trials will be recorded. For lower body strength, quadriceps strength will be assessed using a chair sit-tostand test
| Baseline |
| Sit-and-Reach Test | Flexibility will be assessed by the Sit-and-Reach Test will be performed. Participants will sit on the floor with legs fully extended and feet placed flat against a standard sit-and-reach box. With hands placed one over the other, they will reach forward along the measuring scale as far as possible while maintaining straight knees. The farthest point reached by the fingertips is measured in centimeters and recorded. Two or three trials may be taken, with the best score used for analysis. Higher scores indicate greater flexibility. | Baseline |
| Baseline |
| Body Mass Index | BMI will be calculated dividing weight by height (m2). | Baseline |
| measuring tape | Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) will be measure through it | Baseline |
| 40197331 | Background | Paravlic AH, Drole K. Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Apr 7;17(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01124-3. |
| 39928418 | Background | Begue G, Roshanravan B. From Frailty to Fitness: Unraveling Mortality Risk in ESKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2025 Mar 1;20(3):320-322. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000670. Epub 2025 Feb 10. No abstract available. |
| 40526621 | Background | Kumar A, Yadav S. Towards a new perspective: Exploring the variability of conditional risk factors for multimorbidity susceptibility among older adults in India. PLoS One. 2025 Jun 17;20(6):e0323890. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0323890. eCollection 2025. |
| 23391253 | Background | Earnest CP, Artero EG, Sui X, Lee DC, Church TS, Blair SN. Maximal estimated cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic risk factors, and metabolic syndrome in the aerobics center longitudinal study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Mar;88(3):259-70. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.11.006. Epub 2013 Feb 4. |
| 28554222 | Background | Rhodes RE, Janssen I, Bredin SSD, Warburton DER, Bauman A. Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health. 2017 Aug;32(8):942-975. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486. Epub 2017 May 30. |
| 37093827 | Background | Sagat P, Stefan L, Petric V, Stemberger V, Blazevic I. Normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness in Croatian children and adolescents. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 24;18(4):e0284410. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284410. eCollection 2023. |