This study aimed to observe the clinical efficacy and safety of single-target transcranial temporal stimulation (tTIS) intervention in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and explore the neurophysiological mechanism of TIS intervention. The study was designed as a three-arm (A: GPi group, B: STN group, C: Sham group), randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial. PD patients in the drug-off state (≥12 hours after drug withdrawal) were randomly assigned to receive either tTIS or sham stimulation targeting GPi/STN, with each stimulation lasting 30 minutes. Clinical symptom assessments were conducted before and after the intervention, and safety was monitored by researchers throughout the process.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age >= 40 years;
2. Meet the diagnostic criteria for primary Parkinson's disease (MDS Parkinson's Disease Diagnostic Criteria (2015 Edition));
3. No medication adjustment in the 4 weeks before and during each stimulation;
4. MDS-UPDRS III score >= 8 points, Hoehn-Yahr score 1-4 points

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Focal brain injury or severe leukoencephalopathy (Fazekas grade 3 or above) on previous head MRI/CT scans;
2. Various secondary Parkinson's syndromes (vascular Parkinson's syndrome, drug-induced Parkinson's syndrome, etc.);
3. Severe craniocerebral trauma, cranial surgery or deep brain stimulation treatment;
4. Ferromagnetic implants in the body, such as cochlear implants, cardiac pacemakers, etc.;
5. A history of epilepsy, unexplained loss of consciousness, or taking anticonvulsant drugs for epileptic seizures;
6. Diagnosed with neuropsychiatric diseases other than Parkinson's disease;
7. A history of drug abuse or drug use;
8. Participated in any clinical trial in the past 3 months;
9. Pregnant/lactating women or subjects (including men) who plan to have children within 6 months;
10. Other situations that the researchers consider unsuitable for inclusion.