Adults aged ≥70 years with preserved basic functional independence (Barthel Index ≥90) participating in a routine multicomponent exercise program for frailty and fall prevention in primary care. The participants of this group will attend one multicomponent exercise session per week

Adults aged ≥70 years with preserved basic functional independence (Barthel Index ≥90) participating in a routine multicomponent exercise program for frailty and fall prevention in primary care. The participants of this group will attend two multicomponent exercise session per week

Group-based therapeutic exercise program lasting 8 weeks, including strength, functional, and aerobic training, delivered 1 times per week.

Change in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) total score. The SPPB is a composite measure of lower extremity function including balance, gait speed, and chair stand tests.

• Score range: 0 to 12
• Interpretation: Higher scores indicate better physical performance
• Unit of measure: Points on a scale

Change in fall risk indicators based on clinical assessment (falls history and gait impairment).

Minimum value: 0 Maximum value: Not applicable (composite clinical indicator; upper bound not fixed) Interpretation: Higher values indicate worse outcome (greater fall risk)

-Change in Center of Pressure (CoP) Sway Area

Change in postural sway area measured using a pressure platform. The Center of Pressure (CoP) sway area represents the area covered by the CoP trajectory during quiet standing.

Unit of measure: square millimeters (mm²). Higher values indicate worse postural stability.

Minimum value: 0 mm² Maximum value: Not applicable (no fixed upper limit) Interpretation: Higher values indicate worse postural stability

Change in Center of Pressure (CoP) Velocity Change in mean velocity of center of pressure displacement.

• Unit of measure: mm/s

Minimum value: 0 mm/s Maximum value: Not applicable (no fixed upper limit) Interpretation: Higher values indicate worse postural stability

Time required to stand up, walk 3 meters, turn, return, and sit down.

• Unit of measure: Seconds
• Interpretation: Lower values indicate better performance

The interpretation of TUG results depends on the population (healthy adults, older adults, clinical populations), but general reference thresholds are as follows:

• Older Adults (Community-Dwelling) < 12 seconds: Normal functional mobility 12-20 seconds: Mild impairment / increased risk of functional decline > 20 seconds: Significant mobility impairment
• Fall Risk Interpretation > 13.5 seconds: Increased risk of falls (commonly used cut-off)

Clinical Populations (frail patients) 20-30 seconds: Moderate functional limitation > 30 seconds: Severe dependency in mobility

A change of approximately ≥ 2-3 seconds is often considered clinically meaningful, depending on the population studied.

Proportion of participants who successfully complete the pressure platform assessment protocol.

Completion is defined as the participant performing all required trials according to the study protocol.

Unit of measure: Percentage (%). Higher values indicate better feasibility.