Background:

Tobacco smoking and vaping remains public health concern, with many adults continuing to experience difficulties accessing appropriate support for smoking cessation in Switzerland and Türkiye. Structural barriers, including stigma related to attempting to quit, limited financial and time resources, low awareness of the health risks associated with tobacco smoking- and vaping-reduce engagement with traditional services. TUBSIS 2.0 aims to address these access inequities by providing a fully remote, anonymous and free internet-based program tailored to diverse adult populations in both countries.

Objectives:

The "TUBSIS 2.0: An Adaptation Study of Tobacco Addiction Support Programme - TUBSIS for Tobacco Users in Switzerland and Türkiye" project aims to support readiness to reduce or quit tobacco smoking/vaping, improve well-being and self-compassion and strengthen health-related behaviors. The intervention targets German-, English-, and Turkish-speaking adults and includes mindfulness-based strategies for quitting or reducing tobacco smoking and vaping. Motivation to cease tobacco smoking/vaping varies considerably across the lifespan. Younger individuals may perceive smoking/vaping cessation as unnecessary, often due to limited awareness of long-term health risks or a sense of invulnerability. In later adulthood, although addiction tends to be more deeply established, many individuals hesitate to attempt cessation because of concerns about the psychological and behavioral challenges associated with the process. It is therefore essential to provide individuals with support that helps them understand the cessation process, prepare for the challenges that can be expected and identify strategies that align with their psychological needs. Such strategies may include stress management and self-compassion practices that can be utilized before, during and after cessation attempts. TUBSIS 2.0 offers structured and accessible guidance to support this preparation by providing a clear, evidence-based pathway for individuals at different stages of readiness to change.

Methods:

TUBSIS 2.0 is a web-based, individual and asynchronous program consisting of eight modules delivered over four weeks. A total of 406 participants will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Data are collected anonymously at four measurement points (baseline, mid-term, post-term and 8-week follow-up) from participants. The program focuses on supporting participants' reducing or quitting tobacco smoking or vaping; to increase their readiness for smoking/vaping cessation, mental well-being, self-compassion and stress management with mindfulness strategies.

Within the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), the process of behaviour change is conceptualised as a dynamic, non-linear process that progresses through motivational and volitional phases. TUBSIS 2.0 has been adapted to reflect this structure by integrating phase-specific components. These components include modules that enhance risk awareness and outcome expectancies, planning and self-regulation tools to support action initiation and mindfulness-based strategies that are embedded throughout all phases to strengthen self-efficacy and coping. By addressing these shifting needs across the change process, the programme provides a responsive and theory-driven pathway for reducing/quitting tobacco smoking or vaping.

Relevance:

TUBSIS 2.0 is highly relevant to public health priorities, as it provides a cost-effective, scalable and environmentally sustainable intervention that eliminates barriers commonly associated with traditional cessation services. By requiring no travel, printed materials or in-person appointments, the programme offers equitable access to adults across all age groups, genders and diverse migrant communities in Switzerland and Türkiye. Its multilingual and culturally adapted structure addresses significant service gaps for populations that are underserved or hesitant to seek conventional support. By reducing tobacco smoking- or vaping-related harm and facilitating early behavioural change, TUBSIS 2.0 has the potential to decrease long-term healthcare costs while expanding access to evidence-based digital prevention tools.

TUBSIS 2.0 is a culturally adapted, digital psychoeducation and behavior change intervention that integrates principles from the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), mindfulness, and self-compassion. The program aims to support participants in increasing mental well-being, enhancing self-regulation, and facilitating progression through stages of behavior change related to tobacco use.

The intervention consists of eight structured modules delivered over a four-week period. Each module includes brief psychoeducational content, guided exercises, and reflective components targeting awareness of smoking behavior, coping with cravings, stress management, and goal setting. Participants are encouraged to engage with the modules flexibly and at their own pace.

Participants are randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group receives immediate access to the TUBSIS 2.0 program, while the control group is placed on a waitlist and receives access after a defined follow-up period.

Data are collected at multiple time points, including baseline, mid-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up assessments. Primary outcomes include changes in stage of behavior change, tobacco consumption patterns, and point prevalence abstinence. Secondary outcomes include mental well-being and nicotine dependence.

The study is conducted fully online, and participation is voluntary and anonymous. The design aims to minimize participant burden by using short modules and brief assessments while maintaining methodological rigor.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 18 years or older
• Smoking status:

Smoked on ≥1 day in the past 30 days, and/or Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime

• Internet access: Stable internet connection and access to a smartphone, tablet, or computer during interaction of the TUBSIS 2.0 web-based platform.
• Language: Sufficient reading and listening comprehension in the study language (German, English or Turkish)
• Contact: Valid email address and phone number (optional) for study communication, reminders and incentive payments
• Consent: Provided electronic informed consent on TUBSIS 2.0 web-based platform which is developed and administrated by ISGF.
• Study procedures: Agreement to randomization (intervention or control) and completion of study assessments at four time points (baseline, mid-intervention, post-intervention and 8-week follow-up)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals who do not meet the inclusion criteria are excluded.

Individual participant data will not be shared due to data protection regulations and the sensitive nature of the collected data.

This is an open-label study. Participants are aware of their group assignment due to the nature of the behavioral intervention.