The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of an 8-week sensorimotor and cognitive telerehabilitation program in frail and pre-frail older adults with stable chronic heart failure. The study will compare a synchronous telerehabilitation intervention with a caregiver-supervised home exercise program. The primary question is whether telerehabilitation improves functional capacity, measured by change in peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) on cardiopulmonary exercise testing, more than the control intervention. A key secondary question is whether telerehabilitation improves frailty status, measured by the Italian Frailty Index (IFI), compared with the control group. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, physical performance, cognitive function, treatment adherence, caregiver burden and stress, and selected biomarkers related to heart failure and frailty. Participants will undergo baseline and follow-up clinical, functional, cognitive, and laboratory assessments and will be followed for up to 24 weeks.

Frailty is a multidimensional condition associated with reduced physiological reserve, vulnerability to stressors, loss of functional capacity, and increased risk of hospitalization and dependency. In patients with chronic heart failure, frailty is highly prevalent and is associated with worse prognosis, lower exercise tolerance, poorer quality of life, and increased caregiver burden. Telerehabilitation may represent a scalable strategy to extend rehabilitation beyond hospital-based settings, improve continuity of care, and support safe home-based management in older adults with limited access to conventional services.

Frailty is a multidimensional condition associated with reduced physiological reserve, vulnerability to stressors, loss of functional capacity, and increased risk of hospitalization and dependency. In patients with chronic heart failure, frailty is highly prevalent and is associated with worse prognosis, lower exercise tolerance, poorer quality of life, and increased caregiver burden. Telerehabilitation may represent a scalable strategy to extend rehabilitation beyond hospital-based settings, improve continuity of care, and support safe home-based management in older adults with limited access to conventional services. This study is designed to evaluate whether a structured sensorimotor and cognitive telerehabilitation program provides greater benefit than a caregiver-supervised home exercise program in older adults with stable chronic heart failure and pre-frailty or frailty. The intervention is delivered over 8 weeks through a synchronous digital platform with remote clinical supervision and physiologic monitoring, while the control group performs an individualized home-based program with caregiver support. The study focuses on functional capacity as the main efficacy domain, with additional evaluation of frailty status, quality of life, cognitive performance, treatment adherence, caregiver burden, and selected biomarkers associated with heart failure and frailty. Follow-up assessments are included to explore whether any treatment effects are maintained over time.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 65 years or older.
• Diagnosis of chronic heart failure for at least 6 months, on stable optimal medical therapy for at least 1 month, regardless of systolic function classification (HFrEF, HFmrEF, or HFpEF), and in NYHA class I-III.
• Pre-frailty or frailty documented by validated instruments, defined by at least one of the following: Fried phenotype: pre-frailty (1-2 criteria) or frailty (3 or more criteria); Italian Frailty Index (IFI): score ≥1;

Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB):

total score 5-9/12, consistent with functional frailty; or total score 10/12, consistent with pre-frailty if the reduction is attributable to the sit-to-stand test, as documented in the case report form.

• Ability to provide written informed consent, or availability of a legally authorized representative when applicable.
• Availability of a caregiver, when required for participation in the rehabilitation program.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age younger than 65 years.
• NYHA class IV and/or high likelihood of heart transplantation or ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation within 6 months after screening.
• Absence of pre-frailty/frailty, defined as:

Fried phenotype = 0 criteria, and IFI = 0, and SPPB ≥ 11/12 (or 10/12 without evidence of impairment in the sit-to-stand component according to the predefined criterion).

• Severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²) or dialysis.
• Inability to walk independently, even with assistive devices. SPPB total score <5/12, indicating severe functional impairment not compatible with safe execution of the study protocol, regardless of IFI or Fried criteria.
• Other serious diseases substantially limiting life expectancy (for example, end-stage cancer or end-stage lung disease).
• Severe visual impairment preventing completion of study procedures even with caregiver support and reasonable accommodations.
• Current or suspected pregnancy.

Where applicable, endpoint assessment/extraction will be performed by personnel not involved in delivering the intervention, and the statistical analysis will be conducted on an anonymized dataset.