Supporting Treatment Access and Recovery in Re-entry (STAR-R)

Supporting Treatment Access and Recovery in Re-entry (STAR-R)

This application is aimed at testing a multicomponent intervention called "Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach, and Networking-Criminal Justice (MISSION-CJ) or Peer Linkage Support post-release from two jails in Massachusetts for individuals with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders (COD), given high rates of COD among incarcerated populations. The research will examine engagement in treatment, behavioral health outcomes, mediators and moderators, an economic analysis, and facilitators and barriers of MISSION-CJ implementation.

Individuals with substance use and mental health conditions (COD) are overrepresented in criminal legal (CL) settings, including jails with 50% having a COD. Compared to having a single disorder, those with a COD have more serious criminal histories, childhood traumas, reincarceration, suicide, homelessness, unemployment, poor treatment engagement, and a tenfold increased risk of overdosing within 3 months of release. While treatments exist to address mental health, substance use, CL prosocial thinking, and social determinants of health (SDOH) needs separately, there is an absence of comprehensive re-entry approaches that address these needs simultaneously, which can result in care fragmentation, poor treatment engagement, relapses, and a vicious cycle of reincarceration. Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach, and Networking-Criminal Justice version (MISSION-CJ) is a promising, cross-disciplinary multicomponent intervention, offering 6 months of COD treatment, prosocial and recovery services, and assertive outreach. Four MISSION-CJ open pilots demonstrated increased treatment engagement, improved behavioral health outcomes, and reduced recidivism for clients with a COD. The investigators also have a MISSION-CJ Manual, Workbook, Treatment Planning Tool, and Fidelity Measure and are ready to test them in this RCT. In response to RFA-DA-25-062, the proposed 5-year study, "Supporting Treatment Access and Recovery in Re-entry (STAR-R)," will randomize 240 people with COD to MISSION-CJ or Peer Linkage Support (PLS). Study aims include Aim 1: Compared to PLS, those receiving MISSION-CJ are hypothesized to show: (1a) greater engagement in treatment (measured by total days participated in each condition), and total community provider linkages sessions); (1b) Reduced substance use (measured by self-report use days); reduced overdose risk (measured by self-report Overdose Risk Questionnaire) / overdoses (self-report and corroborated with surveillance data); and reduced mental health symptoms (measured by self-report mental health symptoms); (1c) less CL recidivism (measured by fewer days in jail and fewer numbers of arrests). Aim 2: Examine mechanisms impacting Aim 1 outcomes. Treatment effects will be mediated by: (i) recidivism risk; (ii) increased affiliations with prosocial peers; (iii) reduced affiliations with antisocial peers; and (iv) increased community integration; and will be moderated by demographic factors and COD severity. Aim 3: To conduct a comprehensive economic evaluation that will (i) estimate the full implementation (start-up and ongoing) costs associated with MISSION-CJ and PLS, and (ii) evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MISSION-CJ compared to PLS, from the healthcare system and societal perspectives. Aim 4. To examine facilitators and barriers of MISSION-CJ implementation via qualitative interviews with participants (n=20) and staff (N=12). This application is responsive to NIDA priorities by proposing to improve treatment within the CL system, and to optimize continuity of care post incarceration, and the JCOIN goals of addressing the intersection of the CL system and the community-based healthcare system.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 years or older;
• Proficient in reading and writing in the English language;
• Are released from one of the participating jail/s; and
• Have a current co-occurring substance use and mental health disorder, which includes both any substance use disorder (including alcohol) and mental health disorder (including depression, anxiety, trauma related disorders, bipolar, and/or schizophrenia) as documented by the participating jails.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Are acutely suicidal based on the CSSRS; or
• Are acutely psychotic (as this would require a higher level of care) based on SCID-5-RV.