Participants in the control group received routine outpatient psychiatric care only. No structured family psychoeducation was provided during the study period.

Mobile based Family Psychoeducation Program, In addition to routine treatment, a structured 7week Online Psychoeducation Program delivered via the LINE application. The program was developed based on the Vulnerability Stress Model and aimed to reduce expressed emotion among family caregivers and improve medication adherence in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The intervention consisted of seven video-based sessions, each lasting no more than 10 minutes, delivered weekly over seven consecutive weeks through a private LINE chat. Content covered program orientation, knowledge about schizophrenia, medication management and adherence, stigma and coping strategies, expressed emotion and family communication, stress management, and early warning signs of relapse.

A structured 7week Online Psychoeducation Program delivered via the LINE application. The program was developed based on the Vulnerability Stress Model and aimed to reduce expressed emotion among family caregivers and improve medication adherence in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The intervention consisted of seven video-based sessions, each lasting no more than 10 minutes, delivered weekly over seven consecutive weeks through a private LINE chat. Content covered program orientation, knowledge about schizophrenia, medication management and adherence, stigma and coping strategies, expressed emotion and family communication, stress management, and early warning signs of relapse.

Expressed Emotion was measured using the Thai Expressed Emotion Scale (TEES), developed by Sunpaveerawong. The instrument consists of 49 items encompassing seven components of expressed emotion. Negative expressed emotion includes Critical Comments (items 1-7), Hostility (items 8-15), Emotional Overinvolvement (items 16-20), and Emotional Under involvement (items 42-49), totaling 28 items. Positive expressed emotion includes Warmth (items 21-27), Positive Remarks (items 28-34), and Emotion Regulation (items 35-41), totaling 21 items.

was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS), The instrument consists of 5 items evaluating non-adherent behaviors: forgetting to take medication, altering dosage, temporarily stopping medication, intentionally skipping doses, and taking less medication than prescribed. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5). A total score of 25 indicates full adherence, whereas scores <25 indicate some degree of non-adherence.