This study aims to collect peripheral blood samples from children with Williams syndrome (WS) and healthy children, establish a cell line of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the subjects, and further induce and differentiate them into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte lineage cells for in vitro studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of WS-related neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Based on previous basic and pre-experimental results, the study focuses on the developmental transition of oligodendrocyte lineage from OPC to pre-OL, immature oligodendrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes, and specifically evaluates the programs of myelin-related genes, differentiation trajectories, and abnormalities in related pathways such as GTF2I/FZD9, ERK/MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin. The study design is an independent donor case-control study, and it plans to include 3 children with WS and 3 healthy children. Each sample will be independently sequenced.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. The clinical diagnosis is Williams syndrome.
2. Child subjects;
3. The guardian signs the informed consent form. If necessary, the subject himself/herself signs the informed consent or the informed consent with additional consent.
4. Be capable of completing peripheral blood collection;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Cases of severe infection, severe hematological diseases or other conditions that make blood collection inappropriate;
2. Recent receipt of special treatments that may significantly affect the state of peripheral blood cells;
3. Insufficient sample volume or poor sample quality that does not meet the requirements for reprogramming experiments;
4. Guardians' refusal to allow the samples to be used for iPSC establishment and subsequent research;
5. Other circumstances judged by the researchers as not suitable for inclusion in this study.

The subjects of this study were children with Williams syndrome who were treated or followed up at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, as well as healthy children recruited from the pediatric outpatient department during the same period. The study intends to collect peripheral blood samples from these children as subjects, establish a source-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line for the subjects, and use it for subsequent in vitro differentiation and mechanism research. It is planned to include 3 children with Williams syndrome and 3 healthy children, all of whom are independent donor-derived samples.