The children diagnosed with specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria

The healthy children with no known medical condition

The participants' fingertip light touch and pain sensory thresholds, as well as hand and fingertip pinch strength, will be evaluated.

The participants' light touch sensory thresholds will be assessed using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, which consist of calibrated synthetic monofilaments that differ in thickness and the amount of pressure applied. Measurements will be taken from the midpoint of the distal phalanx on the palmar surface of the first, second, and third fingers of the right hand. The test will be performed with the participants' eyes closed; starting with the smallest monofilament, contact will be applied to the test area and progressively larger monofilaments will be used. The test will be terminated when the participant first perceives the touch, and the corresponding value will be recorded.

Hand grip strength will be assessed using a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical, Green Bay, WI, USA). During the assessment, the participant will be seated with the shoulders adducted and in neutral rotation, the elbow flexed at 90°, the forearm in a neutral position, and the wrist between 0° and 30° of dorsiflexion. The evaluator will gently support the base of the dynamometer, place it in the participant's hand, and instruct the participant to squeeze as hard as possible. Three measurements of maximum voluntary contraction will be obtained for the right hand, and the highest value will be recorded in kilograms.

The pinch strength between the thumb and index finger of the participants' right hand will be assessed using a Jamar pinch gauge. During the assessment, the shoulder will be in adduction and neutral rotation, the elbow flexed at 90°, the forearm in mid-rotation, and the wrist in a neutral position. The participant will be instructed to squeeze the pinch gauge between the thumb and index finger as hard as possible. Three measurements of maximum voluntary contraction will be obtained for the right hand, and the highest value will be recorded in kilograms.

The pressure pain threshold will be used to assess the patients' pain perception threshold. Pressure pain threshold will be measured using a manual pressure algometer (Baseline Dolorimeter®). The patients' pain perception thresholds will be measured at the right lateral epicondyle and at the midpoint of the web space between the first and second fingers. During the measurement, the algometer's flat circular probe with a surface area of 1.52 cm² will be placed on the relevant site, and pressure will be increased at a rate of 1 kg/second. The patients will be instructed to indicate the onset of pain by saying "stop" or by raising their hand when they begin to feel slight discomfort. For each reference site, the value will be calculated as the arithmetic mean of two measurements taken 30 seconds apart.