This study adopted a mixed-method design, incorporating a single-group pre- and post-test experimental study and participatory action research. The study involved 110 fourth-year students from the Department of Nursing at Medical University, who are enrolled in the introductory nursing research, nursing ethics, and nursing practices course

A 12-item metacognitive self-regulated learning ability scale was used to assess students' metacognitive self-regulated learning ability. The scale encompasses the planning, monitoring, and regulation of cognitive self-regulation activities and employs a 7-point scoring system, with higher scores indicating stronger metacognitive self-regulated learning ability.

The peer learning subscale uses a 3-question scale with a 7-point scoring system; higher scores indicate better teamwork.

The Learning and Performance Self-Efficacy Scale was used to assess students' learning self-efficacy. The scale consists of 8 questions and uses a 7-point scoring system; higher scores indicate better learning efficacy.