Postoperative Neurological Recovery and Risk Factor Analysis in Patients With Paralysis Due to Spinal Metastases

Postoperative Neurological Recovery and Risk Factor Analysis in Patients With Paralysis Due to Spinal Metastases

Metastatic spinal tumors represent a common and devastating complication in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Up to 40% of cancer patients may develop spinal metastases during the course of their disease, often resulting in intractable pain, neurological deficits, and spinal instability. One of the most serious consequences is motor paralysis caused by metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC), which can severely impair patients' quality of life and limit their ability to receive subsequent anti-tumor therapy. Although surgical decompression and stabilization are recognized as effective strategies for relieving spinal cord compression and restoring spinal integrity, the neurological prognosis for patients who present with paralysis remains uncertain and heterogeneous.

This prospective, single-center, observational cohort study aims to evaluate the early and mid-term neurological recovery trajectories in patients with paralysis caused by spinal metastases, and to identify perioperative clinical factors associated with favorable or poor functional outcomes. The study will be conducted at Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, a tertiary care academic center with extensive experience in spinal oncology and multidisciplinary cancer care.

The investigators plan to consecutively enroll adult patients (aged 18-80) diagnosed with spinal metastatic tumors who present with motor paralysis and are deemed appropriate surgical candidates by a multidisciplinary tumor board. Participants will undergo surgical decompression and stabilization based on individualized tumor location and spinal instability. The study does not involve any investigational drug or device. All surgical procedures and adjuvant treatments (such as radiotherapy or systemic therapy) will be delivered according to standard of care.

Preoperative evaluations will include spinal imaging (MRI, CT), neurological scoring using the ASIA Impairment Scale, and assessments of systemic condition, spinal instability (SINS), and epidural compression severity (ESCC scale). Participants will be followed at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery to monitor neurological recovery, pain control, bowel/bladder function, treatment complications, and survival.

The primary outcome is the improvement in motor function at 1 month postoperatively, quantified by changes in ASIA motor scores. Secondary outcomes include longer-term neurological recovery, progression of bowel and bladder function, quality of life, complication rates, disease progression, and survival outcomes. Additional analyses will explore the impact of variables such as timing of surgery, tumor histology, location of compression, and performance status on recovery.

This study will employ both univariate and multivariate statistical methods to identify independent predictors of postoperative neurological improvement, using logistic regression and time-to-event analyses. A total of 150 participants will be recruited, based on power analysis accounting for key covariates and anticipated dropout rates.

Through this prospective clinical registry and analysis, the study aims to provide evidence-based data to guide clinical decision-making in the management of MESCC with paralysis. The findings will help inform surgical indications, optimize timing of intervention, and support the development of prognostic tools for patient counseling. Given the limited life expectancy of many patients with advanced cancer, maximizing early neurological recovery may directly impact patient autonomy, eligibility for systemic therapy, and overall quality of life.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 18 and 80 years at the time of enrollment.
2. Clinical diagnosis of spinal metastases with resulting motor paralysis.
3. Scheduled for surgical decompression and/or spinal stabilization.
4. Medically fit to undergo surgery as determined by preoperative evaluation.
5. Ability to understand the study and provide written informed consent.
6. Willingness and ability to complete neurological and functional follow-up assessments.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Medically unfit for surgery due to unstable comorbidities or poor general condition.
2. Pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of enrollment.
3. Significant cognitive impairment or psychiatric illness that interferes with informed consent or study participation.
4. Expected difficulty in completing follow-up assessments or anticipated loss to follow-up.
5. Missing critical baseline or follow-up data relevant to study endpoints.