Empowerment-Based Health Education and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Impact of Empowerment-Based Health Education on Self-Management in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Control Trial

Empowerment-based education may offer a sustainable approach to type 2 diabetes management, yet rigorous evidence within the Chinese healthcare context was lacking.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. diagnosed with T2DM according to clinical record;
2. aged 40 years or older;
3. duration of diabetes of at least 6 months;
4. ability to communicate and complete questionnaires independently;
5. provision of written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria:

1. presence of severe diabetes complications (e.g., renal failure, proliferative retinopathy, severe neuropathy);
2. diagnosis with other major chronic illnesses (e.g., cancer, severe heart failure);
3. pregnancy or lactation;
4. participation in other interventional studies during the trial period;
5. cognitive or psychiatric disorders that would impede participation.