The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection for management of children with :

A-Dysfunctional voiding who are not responding to traditional treatment. B-Refractory nocturnal enuresis.

Dysfunctional voiding (DV) is a habitual voiding disorder caused by involuntary contraction or non relaxation of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) during voiding.

This contraction causes high post void residuals (PVR), The disorder can occur at any age. In young children it often presents as urinary incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is common, affecting 15-20 % of children by five years old, and 8-10 % of children by eight years old.

Refractory nocturnal enuresis is defined as monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting without daytime urinary symptoms) that persists despite at least 3-6 months of appropriate and compliant first line therapy.

Botulinum toxin has been found to inhibit the release of a number of neurotransmitters (including acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate, and neuropeptides such as substance P) and to down regulate the expression of purinergic and capsaicin receptors on afferent neurons within the bladder.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children < 18 years.
• Both sexes.
• Patients with refractory nocturnal enuresis or dysfunctional voiding who are not responding to the traditional treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Bleeding disorders.
• Neuromusclar disorder(e.g.,Myasthenia gravis).
• Patients who are not fit for anaesthesia.
• Active urinary tract infection (UTI).

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.

After the end of study for one year.

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.