This study aims to evaluate whether injecting a long-acting local anesthetic (bupivacaine) at surgical sites before awakening from anesthesia can reduce pain and the need for opioid medications after orthognathic surgery. Orthognathic surgery is a major procedure that can cause significant postoperative pain, often requiring opioid analgesics, which may lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. In this randomized clinical study, patients undergoing jaw surgery received either standard care or additional bupivacaine infiltration before extubation. Pain levels and opioid consumption were measured during the first 48 hours after surgery. We hypothesized that pre-extubation bupivacaine infiltration would improve pain control and reduce opioid requirements.

Orthognathic surgery is commonly associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain, often requiring opioid-based analgesia. However, opioid use may be associated with adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, and respiratory depression. Therefore, optimizing postoperative pain management while minimizing opioid consumption remains an important clinical goal.Local anesthetic infiltration has been proposed as a simple and effective method for improving postoperative analgesia. Bupivacaine, a long-acting local anesthetic, may provide prolonged pain control when administered at surgical sites.This randomized clinical study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-extubation infiltration of bupivacaine on postoperative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Patients undergoing one-piece Le Fort I osteotomy combined with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy were randomly assigned to either a control group receiving standard care or a study group receiving additional infiltration of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine at surgical sites prior to extubation.Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale at predefined time points over a 48-hour period. Morphine consumption, including total and rescue doses, was recorded during the first 24 hours.It was hypothesized that pre-extubation bupivacaine infiltration would reduce postoperative pain intensity and opioid requirements compared with standard care

Inclusion Criteria:

• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II, age between 18 and 65 years, and planned one-piece Le Fort I osteotomy combined with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• refusal to participate, ASA score ≥ III, congenital craniofacial anomalies, previous maxillofacial surgery, history of chronic opioid use, and allergy to local anesthetics or opioids.

Participants, anesthesiologists, and outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation, whereas the surgeons performing the procedures were not blinded