The purpose of this study is to determine whether 12 weeks of exercise training combined with dairy consumption influences inflammation and immune responses in adults with overweight, compared to exercise training alone.

Individuals with overweight often have higher levels of inflammation, which can increase the risk of developing many health conditions. As adults with overweight represent a growing proportion of the Canadian population, research that emphasizes lifestyle interventions to help manage inflammation is warranted. Our proposed research combines both exercise and nutritional interventions along with detailed assessment of inflammation and immune responses in adults with overweight. This study aims to determine whether different dairy products can positively influence inflammation and immune function when consumed during a structured exercise training program.

Exercise training is known to reduce inflammation, and these positive effects may be bolstered by nutritional strategies, particularly through the consumption of dairy products. Dairy products such as milk and Greek yogurt (GY) are widely accessible, nutrient-dense foods, that contain anti-inflammatory constituents that may reduce systemic inflammation. Indeed, the chronic consumption of dairy in adults with overweight has been shown to reduce inflammatory and increase in anti-inflammatory markers, in the absence of exercise training. Importantly, GY and milk may have differential effects on inflammation due to differences in their preparation and constitution. GY is a fermented dairy product with bacterial cultures that may influence the gut, whereas milk is fortified with vitamin D, which most GY in Canada lacks. With respect to exercise, new and (currently) unpublished work from our group has demonstrated some differences in the acute inflammatory response to a single exercise bout following milk or GY consumption. Yet, longer-term exercise training studies with nutrition interventions, particularly ones that explore different dairy products, are seldom designed with inflammation as the primary outcome. Moreover, most studies assess inflammation only using circulating markers and do not examine dynamic responses such as how immune cells themselves adapt over time.

Rationale: Our study will help determine whether consuming different dairy products during a structured exercise training program influences inflammation and adaptations in immune responses in adults with overweight. Evidence exists for: 1) the role of exercise training in reducing inflammation in humans and inducing anti-inflammatory adaptions in immune cells in animal models, and 2) the effects of chronic dairy consumption on modulating inflammatory markers at rest. By comparing exercise training combined with milk consumption, exercise training with GY consumption, and exercise training with a habitually low-dairy diet, this study will assess whether the chronic consumption of different dairy products differentially modulate the effects of exercise training on comprehensive measures of inflammation and immune responses.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Between the ages of 18 and 50 years
• Overweight BMI (25.0-29.9) kg/m2
• 'Overweight' body fat percentage (males: ≤30%; females: ≤42%)
• Low to moderately physically active (0-2 times/week)
• Habitual low dairy consumption (≤ 1 serving/day, assessed via baseline food record)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Peri- or postmenopausal status (female)
• Dairy protein allergy or lactose intolerance
• Use of vitamin D and/or calcium supplements
• Any musculoskeletal, autoimmune, or inflammatory conditions
• Use of medication related to a chronic condition

If data are shared with other individuals not listed on the original approved ethics or who are not part of the initial research team, it would be for reasons relating to secondary use of data for research purposes. Only deidentified/anonymized data will be shared for such purposes. No participant identifying information will be shared.