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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20780 | Other Grant/Funding Number | Hacettepe University Scientific Research Committee Unit |
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This study aims to compare the effects of quinoa, buckwheat, rice, and bulgur consumption on dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, glycemic response, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, and intestinal microbiome in people with overweight and obesity. The primary hypotheses of the studies were given as follows:
Hypothesis 1:
H1: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet provides weight loss.
H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not provide body weight loss.
Hypothesis 2:
H2: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet affects glycemic response.
H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not affect glycemic response.
Hypothesis 3:
H3: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet affects the blood lipid profile.
H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not affect the blood lipid profile.
Hypothesis 4:
H4: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet changes the composition of the gut microbiome.
H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not change the composition of the gut microbiome.
Hypothesis 5:
H5: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet increases alpha diversity in the intestinal microbiome.
HO: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not increase alpha diversity in the intestinal microbiome.
Hypothesis 6:
H6: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet increases beta diversity in the intestinal microbiome.
HO: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not increase beta diversity in the intestinal microbiome.
The study is designed as a randomized, controlled clinical trial in which participants will be allocated into four groups (quinoa, buckwheat, bulgur, and rice groups), each consisting of 31 or 32 pre-obese/obese adults. During the 28-day intervention period, participants' diets were supplemented with 40 g/day of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), bulgur wheat (Triticum durum), or rice (Oryza sativa).
Weekly face-to-face visits were conducted throughout the intervention to collect anthropometric measurements and dietary intake records and to assess intervention compliance and physical activity level.
At baseline and at the end of the intervention, physical examinations were performed, blood and fecal samples were collected, blood pressure was measured, and anthropometric measurements and dietary intake records were evaluated. Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, fructosamine, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, uric acid, lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha, IL-6, zonulin, and lipopolysaccharides will be analyzed. Additionally, fecal samples will be analyzed to reveal any possible changes in gut microbiome. Given the scarcity of clinical studies in this field, this study is expected to contribute to addressing the lack of high-level clinical evidence in the literature.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quinoa Group | Experimental | Participants' diets were supplemented with 40 g of red quinoa per day for 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to boil red quinoa without adding any other ingredients. |
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| buckwheat group | Experimental | Participants' diets were supplemented with 40 g of buckwheat per day for 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to boil buckwheat without adding any other ingredients. |
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| Rice group | Active Comparator | Participants' diets were supplemented with 40 g of rice per day for 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to boil rice without adding any other ingredients. |
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| Bulgur Wheat Group | Active Comparator | Participants' diets were supplemented with 40 g of bulgur wheat per day for 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to boil bulgur wheat without adding any other ingredients. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quinoa | Dietary Supplement | Participants consumed 40 g/d red quinoa during 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to consume red quinoa by boiling it without any other ingredients. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Weight loss | Body weight and body composition will be measured with a bioelectrical impedance analysis-based body analyzer. | From the beginning of the study to the end of the 4-week intervention period (up to 4 weeks), with measurements taken once a week. |
| Blood lipid levels (mg/dL) | Total cholesterol (mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), and triglyceride levels (mg/dL) will be analyzed in blood serum. | At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-weeks intervention period |
| Blood glucose levels (mg/dL) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) procedure | Fasting glucose levels (0.minutes, before the 75 g oral glucose load) and postprandial glucose levels (30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load) will be assessed in blood serum during the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test procedure. | At the beginning of the study and at the end of the 4-week intervention period, during each assessment, blood samples will be collected at 0. Minutes (fasting) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load. |
| Blood insulin levels (µIU/mL) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) procedure | Fasting insulin levels (0.minutes, before the 75 g oral glucose load) and postprandial insulin levels (30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load) will be assessed in blood serum during the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test procedure. | At the beginning of the study and at the end of the 4-week intervention period, during each assessment, blood samples will be collected at 0. Minutes (fasting) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load. |
| Changes in gut microbiome composition | Changes in gut microbiome composition will be assessed in fecal samples |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zehra Buyuktuncer, Prof. Dr. | Hacettepe University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | Ankara | Sıhhiye | 06100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36432574 | Background | Li L, Houghton D, Lietz G, Watson A, Stewart CJ, Bal W, Seal CJ. Impact of Daily Consumption of Whole-Grain Quinoa-Enriched Bread on Gut Microbiome in Males. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 18;14(22):4888. doi: 10.3390/nu14224888. | |
| 34684319 | Background | Canaviri-Paz P, Oscarsson E, Kjellstrom A, Olsson H, Jois C, Hakansson A. Effects on Microbiota Composition after Consumption of Quinoa Beverage Fermented by a Novel Xylose-Metabolizing L. plantarum Strain. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 23;13(10):3318. doi: 10.3390/nu13103318. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C106632 | chenopodin protein, Chenopodium quinoa |
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Randomized controlled trial
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| Buckwheat | Dietary Supplement | Participants consumed 40 g/d of buckwheat during 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to consume buckwheat by boiling it without any other ingredients. |
|
| Rice | Dietary Supplement | Participants consumed 40 g/d rice during 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to consume rice by boiling it without any other ingredients. |
|
| Bulgur wheat | Dietary Supplement | Participants consumed 40 g/d of bulgur wheat during 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to consume bulgur wheat by boiling it without any other ingredients. |
|
| At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period |
| Changes in Alpha Diversity | Changes in alpha diversity in intestinal microbiota will be evaluated. | At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period |
| Changes in Beta Diversity | Changes in Beta Diversity in intestinal microbiota will be evaluated | At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period |
| 40481954 | Background | Neacsu M, Sayegh M, Vaughan NJ, Duncan GJ, Cantlay L, Anderson S, Henderson D, Fyfe C, Farquharson F, Saibu S, Horgan G, Louis P, Johnstone AM, Russell WR. Fava bean and buckwheat are sustainable food sources which support satiety and beneficially modulate several biomarkers, bacteria and metabolites associated with human health. Eur J Nutr. 2025 Jun 7;64(5):211. doi: 10.1007/s00394-025-03726-6. |
| 39708162 | Background | Espada MV, De la Cruz CR, Jeri C, Garcia-Tejedor A, Laparra JM. Chenopodium Quinoa's Ingredients Contribute to the Gut Microbiota's Metabolic Adaptations on Carbohydrate Metabolism. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2024 Dec 21;80(1):18. doi: 10.1007/s11130-024-01253-z. |
| 29914146 | Background | Li L, Lietz G, Bal W, Watson A, Morfey B, Seal C. Effects of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Consumption on Markers of CVD Risk. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 16;10(6):777. doi: 10.3390/nu10060777. |
| 29955719 | Background | Navarro-Perez D, Radcliffe J, Tierney A, Jois M. Quinoa Seed Lowers Serum Triglycerides in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Dose-Response Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Curr Dev Nutr. 2017 Aug 24;1(9):e001321. doi: 10.3945/cdn.117.001321. eCollection 2017 Sep. |
| 24344670 | Background | De Carvalho FG, Ovidio PP, Padovan GJ, Jordao Junior AA, Marchini JS, Navarro AM. Metabolic parameters of postmenopausal women after quinoa or corn flakes intake--a prospective and double-blind study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 May;65(3):380-5. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.866637. Epub 2013 Dec 17. |
| 38595791 | Background | Marak NR, Das P, Das Purkayastha M, Baruah LD. Effect of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa W.) flour supplementation in breads on the lipid profile and glycemic index: an in vivo study. Front Nutr. 2024 Mar 26;11:1341539. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341539. eCollection 2024. |
| 31919583 | Background | Pourshahidi LK, Caballero E, Osses A, Hyland BW, Ternan NG, Gill CIR. Modest improvement in CVD risk markers in older adults following quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) consumption: a randomized-controlled crossover study with a novel food product. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Oct;59(7):3313-3323. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02169-0. Epub 2020 Jan 9. |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |