Patient Experience in Endohepatology Liver biopsy is a crucial procedure for the diagnosis and/or staging of liver diseases. Common indications for non-targeted biopsies include unexplained elevated liver function tests (LFTs), guiding medical therapy in autoimmune liver diseases or following liver transplantation (LT), and prognostic assessment in ambiguous clinical situations, occasionally within the scope of research.

Traditionally, there are three primary routes for obtaining liver biopsies: Percutaneous liver biopsy (PC-LB), transjugular (and thus endovascular) liver biopsy (TJ-LB), and surgical (mostly laparoscopic) approaches (LAP-LB). In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has gained significant importance as an alternative procedure. Technically, this approach usually involves puncturing the left liver lobe transgastrically using a 19G needle; however, the right liver lobe can also be targeted transduodenally. Regarding technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness, several studies report non-inferiority or even superiority compared to the standard percutaneous procedure.

Modern medicine increasingly recognizes that patient experience is a critical indicator of healthcare quality. While patient experience was mostly neglected in the past-aside from measuring the occurrence of pain-the modern definition encompasses the entire experience within the healthcare system, including social, somatic and organizational aspects. Consequently, this quality indicator is now assessed using validated questionnaires known as Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs). The Newcastle-ENDOPREM was specifically developed and validated for the evaluation of endoscopic procedures.

Since EUS-LB and PC-LB perform similarly regarding technical aspects and safety, the question arises as to which method achieves higher patient satisfaction. This is particularly relevant as PC-LB is considered an unpleasant procedure that must frequently be repeated in patients with chronic liver diseases to guide medical therapy.

To the best of our knowledge, no direct head-to-head comparison between EUS-LB and PC-LB regarding patient experience has been conducted to date. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare these two methods in terms of patient satisfaction with the procedure, using a modified version of the Newcastle-ENDOPREM.

1. Current State of Science At the time of planning the implementation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy into the routine of Medical Clinic B, only one randomized controlled trial by Bang et al. exists comparing pain perception between the two procedures. This study indicates that percutaneous liver biopsy is more painful. The sample size calculation was performed according to the results of this study.
2. Study Objectives The objective of the study is to measure the patient experience during liver biopsies and to identify the procedure that is better tolerated by patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age above 18 years
• Clinical indication for untargeted liver biopsy
• Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of ascites
• Severe coagulopathy (INR > 2, platelet count < 50x10^3/µl)
• Contraindication to undergo endoscopy or sedation
• Anatomical alterations that impede liver biopsy (e.g. Chilaiditi syndrome)
• Pregnancy

Patients undergoing liver biopsy

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