This study will employ a randomized, open-label, crossover design to evaluate the glycemic response to newly developed cookie formulations. A total of 20 healthy adults aged 20-70 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 25 kg/m² will be recruited. Participants will first complete a standard reference test using 50 g of glucose solution, followed by random assignment to consume four to five different cookie formulations in separate test sessions with a washout period of at least three days between each test. All tests will be conducted after an overnight fast, and participants will consume the test food within 10 minutes. Capillary blood glucose levels will be measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after consumption. In addition, sensory evaluation and subjective appetite responses will be assessed using a seven-point hedonic scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS), including appearance, flavor, texture, satiety, and expected intake. The collected data will be statistically analyzed to compare differences in glycemic index (GI) among cookie formulations and to evaluate the feasibility of developing low-GI cookies as blood glucose-friendly food products.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 20-70 years old
• BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m²

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of gastrointestinal or metabolic diseases.
• Fasting plasma glucose > 100 mg/dL.
• Abnormal OGTT results (2-h glucose > 140 mg/dL or any point > 200 mg/dL with 50-g glucose).
• Academic conflict of interest, specifically students currently enrolled in courses taught by the investigators (Associate Prof. You-Cheng Shen or Dr. Ching-Pin Lin).
• Known hypersensitivity or allergy to any ingredients of the study product or potential cross-contaminants (e.g., gluten, mango, peanuts, sesame, milk, eggs, kiwi, or seeds).
• Pregnant or lactating