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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| RenJi Hospital | OTHER |
| Shandong Provincial Hospital | OTHER_GOV |
| Qilu Hospital of Shandong University | OTHER |
| Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University |
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This study aims to evaluate the impact of high-risk factors-such as elevated portal venous pressure, concurrent large extra-luminal vessels, portal vein thrombosis, and prominent portosystemic shunts-on the efficacy of endoscopic therapy. By comparing with interventional treatment, the goal is to optimize the clinical management protocol for esophageal and gastric varices, enhance the therapeutic outcomes of portal hypertension-related esophageal and gastric varices, and improve patient prognosis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| TIPS treatment group | The patient underwent Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) after admission | ||
| Endoscopic treatment group | The patient only received endoscopic treatment after admission. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 1-year gastrointestinal rebleeding rate | Time from initial variceal bleeding treated with endoscopy or TIPS to recurrent variceal rupture and bleeding due to portal hypertension (at least 120 hours) | 1 year after the treatment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 2-month and 6-month gastrointestinal rebleeding rates | Time from initial variceal bleeding treated with endoscopy or TIPS to recurrent variceal rupture and bleeding due to portal hypertension (at least 120 hours) | 2 months and 6 months after the treatment |
| Indicators in the Child-Pugh classification include the progression of ascites and changes in bilirubin levels. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Enrolled were patients who presented to Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and other study centers due to esophagogastric variceal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension between December 2025 and December 2026.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006975 | Hypertension, Portal |
| D004932 | Esophageal and Gastric Varices |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008107 | Liver Diseases |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |
| D004935 | Esophageal Diseases |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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| OTHER |
| Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University | OTHER |
| The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University | OTHER |
| Shanghai East Hospital | OTHER |
| Shanghai Changzheng Hospital | OTHER |
| Second Military Medical University | OTHER |
| The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command | OTHER |
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Depth of abdominal fluid dark area detected by abdominal ultrasound; changes in serum bilirubin levels in liver function tests. |
| 1, 2, 6, and 12 months after the treatment. |
| Changes of portal vein thrombosis | Evaluate the occurrence, recanalization, and other changes in thrombosis every 6 months using portal CTA and ultrasound. | 6 and 12 months after the treatment. |
| Liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma | Up to 12 months after the treatment. |
| Liver transplantation | Based on comprehensive clinical evaluation, liver transplantation is required. | Up to 12 months after the treatment. |
| Variceal bleeding-related mortality | During the follow-up period, deaths caused by variceal rupture and bleeding that occurred within 6 weeks after the bleeding episode and were clearly related to the bleeding, including hemorrhagic shock and multiple organ failure. | Up to 12 months after the treatment. |
| Liver-related mortality | Deaths resulting from variceal rupture and bleeding, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, infection, hepatorenal syndrome, etc., excluding deaths due to extrahepatic causes, including: accidental death, cardiovascular events, and deaths caused by other systemic cancers. | Up to 12 months after the treatment. |