Optimizing Endoscopic and Interventional Treatment for Portal Hypertensive Bleeding

Improve the Strategies of Endoscopic and Interventional Treatment of Gastroesophageal Hemorrhage in Portal Hypertension

This study aims to evaluate the impact of high-risk factors-such as elevated portal venous pressure, concurrent large extra-luminal vessels, portal vein thrombosis, and prominent portosystemic shunts-on the efficacy of endoscopic therapy. By comparing with interventional treatment, the goal is to optimize the clinical management protocol for esophageal and gastric varices, enhance the therapeutic outcomes of portal hypertension-related esophageal and gastric varices, and improve patient prognosis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Admitted due to gastrointestinal bleeding and clinically diagnosed with portal hypertension
• Underwent imaging examinations and gastroscopy within one week after admission
• Gastroscopy revealed the presence of esophageal and/or gastric varices
• Age over 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous history of liver transplantation
• Imaging or gastroscopy findings indicated ulcers or other causes of gastrointestinal bleeding
• Concurrent severe life-threatening diseases involving the circulatory, hematological, or respiratory systems
• Difficulty in follow-up, or lack of essential medical history information, imaging data, or other necessary records