This observational study aims to investigate the association between preoperative GDF-15 levels and early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. The study will evaluate whether elevated preoperative GDF-15 levels are associated with adverse early outcomes, including postoperative complications and mortality. The findings may help improve preoperative risk assessment and identify high-risk patients before LVAD implantation.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is an established treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure. However, these patients remain at substantial risk for early postoperative morbidity and mortality. Identification of preoperative biomarkers associated with adverse outcomes may improve perioperative risk assessment and support clinical decision-making. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a biomarker related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular injury, and may have prognostic value in high-risk cardiac populations.

This observational study will investigate the relationship between preoperative GDF-15 levels and early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Preoperative serum GDF-15 levels will be evaluated for their association with early postoperative complications, mortality, and other short-term clinical outcomes.

The study is intended to clarify whether GDF-15 can serve as a useful biomarker for identifying patients at increased risk before LVAD implantation. Improved preoperative risk stratification may help optimize perioperative management and patient selection.

Inclusion Criteria:Adults aged 18 years and older

Patients with advanced heart failure undergoing LVAD implantation

Availability of preoperative GDF-15 measurement

Ability to provide written informed consent or consent provided by a legally authorized representative, according to local regulations -

Exclusion Criteria:Age under 18 years

Active infection

Active malignancy

Severe hepatic failure

Missing study data

Refusal to participate

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The study population consists of adult patients with advanced heart failure undergoing LVAD implantation. Eligible participants are those with available preoperative GDF-15 measurements who meet the study inclusion and exclusion criteria.