iNeo-Vac-R01, a personalized neoantigen-based mRNA therapeutic technology for tumors, is a customized neoantigen mRNA injectable formulation developed by collecting patients' tumor tissues and peripheral blood, screening appropriate neoantigens via high-throughput sequencing, and encapsulating these neoantigens into mRNA liposomes. It can precisely induce the proliferation of patient-specific T cells to eliminate tumor cells. This tumor therapeutic approach that harnesses the body's own immune system features high efficacy and low toxicity, with milder treatment responses and no severe adverse reactions for patients. This study aims to provide a novel personalized therapeutic strategy for the adjuvant treatment of post-operative liver cancer patients, with the research objectives of prolonging their disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) following surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 75 years old (at the time of signing the informed consent form).

2. Patients with histopathologically or cytologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) eligible for radical resection; no tumor thrombus in the portal vein, hepatic vein or bile duct on pre-operative imaging; for multinodular patients, the number of tumor nodules ≤ 3 and no extrahepatic metastasis; clear margins of all tumor nodules and negative surgical margins after radical resection.

3. High risk of postoperative recurrence, where high risk is defined as a single tumor lesion with microvascular invasion, or 2-3 tumor lesions; intermediate risk is defined as a single tumor lesion with a diameter > 5 cm and no microvascular invasion.

4. Able to complete at least 4 cycles of the standard postoperative adjuvant therapy regimen in accordance with clinical guidelines; and toxicities from prior anti-tumor therapy have recovered to ≤ Grade 1 per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) v5.0, or to the levels specified in the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Note: Excluding Grade ≤ 2 toxicities such as alopecia, fatigue, or other toxicities assessed by the investigator as having no significant risk).

5. Expected survival time of at least 6 months.

6. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 or 1.

7. Sufficient tumor tissue samples can be obtained for genetic analysis: for puncture samples, at least 2 core biopsy tissues with tumor purity ≥ 50%; for surgical samples, a soybean-sized tissue sample.

8. Echocardiography assessment: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%.

9. Hematological parameters meeting the following requirements:

   ① Routine blood test criteria

   1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 10⁹/L
   2. Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 90 g/L (no red blood cell transfusion within 7 days before the first administration of the mRNA injectable formulation)
   3. Platelet count ≥ 80 × 10⁹/L ② Biochemical parameter criteria
   1. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN)
   2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 2.5 × ULN
   3. Serum albumin ≥ 28 g/L
   4. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 × ULN, or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 50 mL/min (per Cockcroft-Gault formula)
   5. Coagulation function criteria: Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), international normalized ratio (INR) ≤ 1.5 × ULN (in patients not receiving anticoagulant therapy)

10. For pregnant or lactating women: excluded; for women of childbearing potential, negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days before enrollment, no planned pregnancy in the short term, and willingness to adopt effective contraceptive measures (or other fertility control methods) before enrollment and during the study.

11. Male patients are willing to adopt appropriate contraceptive methods.

12. Able to comply with the study protocol and follow-up procedures.

13. Voluntarily participate in the study and sign the informed consent form. If a subject is unable to read the informed consent form (e.g., illiterate subjects), a witness shall observe the informed consent process and sign the form together with the subject.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. A history of malignancy requiring anti-tumor therapy within 5 years prior to study enrollment (excluding treated Stage I prostate cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, carcinoma in situ of the breast, papillary thyroid cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancer).
2. Major surgical treatment, significant traumatic injury within 2 weeks before the first personalized immunotherapy administration; or presence of unhealed wounds or fractures for a long time.
3. No eligible neoantigens for personalized immunotherapy identified by sequencing data analysis.
4. Planned or prior history of bone marrow transplantation, allogeneic organ transplantation, or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
5. Requirement for immunosuppressant therapy, systemic or absorbable local hormonal therapy for immunosuppressive purposes, and continued use within 7 days before the first study drug administration (excluding systemic glucocorticoids at a daily dose < 10 mg prednisone equivalent).
6. Receipt of any other vaccine within 4 weeks before study treatment initiation; or anticipated need for any other vaccine during the study treatment period or within 60 days after the last study treatment administration.
7. Presence of active or uncontrolled severe infection (including fungal, bacterial, viral or other infections); or active tuberculosis.
8. Positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) with peripheral blood hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA titer above the normal range; positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody with peripheral blood hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA above the normal range; positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody; positive syphilis test.
9. A history of autoimmune disease or immunodeficiency with immunosuppressant therapy (excluding vitiligo, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune hypothyroidism requiring hormonal therapy, and psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment); or a known history of primary immunodeficiency.
10. Cardio-cerebrovascular events: a history or current diagnosis of Grade ≥ 3 cardiac valvular disease; or heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] Class ≥ II), myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 8 weeks before the first mRNA treatment administration; or cardiac-related surgery (including coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) within 8 weeks before the first drug administration; or severe electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities (e.g., ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, sick sinus syndrome, third-degree atrioventricular block without pacemaker therapy, QTc interval ≥ 480 ms, and other conditions assessed by the investigator as severely abnormal); or poorly controlled hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg); or other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases assessed by the investigator as unsuitable for study participation.
11. Respiratory diseases: a history or current diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, pneumoconiosis, radiation pneumonitis, drug-induced pneumonitis, severe asthma, etc.; or patients with complicated pulmonary arterial hypertension or severe impairment of pulmonary function.
12. Clinically significant moderate to severe ascites; uncontrolled or moderate to large pleural effusion or pericardial effusion.
13. Substance abuse; or clinical, psychological or social factors that may affect the informed consent process or study implementation.
14. A history of hypersensitivity to prior immunotherapeutic agents or vaccines; or other potential hypersensitivity to immunotherapy as assessed by the investigator.
15. Assessed by the investigator as unsuitable for enrollment, or unable to complete the study for other reasons.
16. Vulnerable populations, including patients with mental illness, cognitive impairment, critically ill patients, pregnant/lactating women, etc.