Millions of patients of all ages suffer worldwide from diverse urinary pathologies, such as lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction, bladder pain syndrome, urinary tract infections (UTIs), or bladder cancer. The research project investigates the interplay between the bladder and the microbiome. The goal is to evaluate the association of microbiological and immunological factors with lower urinary tract health in humans.

General inclusion criteria:

• Women and men aged ≥ 18 years old
• Able to give informed consent for participation in the study
• Willing to adhere to the study protocol for the whole trial period
• Willing to undergo repetitive in-and-out single catheterization Specific inclusion criteria for the different study arms Arm I: Healthy controls Arm II: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in subjects not requiring assisted bladder emptying Arm III: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in subjects relying on some type of catheter for bladder emptying Arm IV: Acute non-catheter associated UTIs Arm V: Recurrent non-catheter associated UTIs Arm VI: Acute catheter-associated UTI Arm VII: Recurrent catheter-associated UTI Arm VIII: Chronic pelvic pain Arm IX: Non-neurogenic overactive bladder syndrome Arm X: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current antibiotic treatment or antibiotic treatment within the last 21 days (except for study arms IV-VII)
• UTI secondary to diagnosed treatable pathologies (i.e., bladder stones, enterovesical fistula etc.) and requiring specific therapy Current therapies for preventing UTIs (e.g., urine acidification, phytotherapy) or such therapies within the last 21 days (except for study arms IV-VII)
• Deterioration of the upper urinary tract requiring medical intervention
• Immunomodulatory therapies (apart from routine vaccination)
• Congenital or acquired malformations of the LUT (study arm I only)
• Immunosuppressant therapy (study arm I only)
• Need for antiviral medication (study arm I only)
• Significant pre-existing or current severe systemic disease such as lung, liver (exception: history of uncomplicated Hepatitis A), gastrointestinal, cardiac, immunodeficiency (including anamnestic known AIDS) or kidney disease; or active malignancy (except from bladder cancer) or any other condition as determined by history or laboratory investigation that could cause susceptibility to infections.
• Presence of any unstable medical or psychiatric condition (defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Edition 4 (DSM-IV)) that could reasonably have been expected to subject the patient to unwarranted risk from participation in the study or result in a significant deterioration of the patient's clinical course.
• Drug/alcohol dependence (as defined by DSM-IV) any time during the 6 months preceding study entry.
• Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women, where pregnancy is defined as the state of a female after conception and until the termination of gestation, confirmed by a positive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) laboratory test (> 5 mIU/mL).
• Suspected inability to follow the procedures of the trial (e.g., language problems, psychological disorders, dementia) such that the validity of the patient's data could be compromised.
• Participation in any clinical investigation within 4 weeks prior to dosing or longer if required by local regulations, and for any other limitation of participation based on local regulations.
• Patients who are unconscious, including those patients who are unconscious due to medication causing marked sedation.
• History of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product or to any drug with similar chemical structure.

Several study arms are intended for each of the different urinary pathologies to be studied, which entail different inclusions and exclusion criteria