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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| IRB: ewha-202108-0034-01 | Other Identifier | Institutional Review Board of Ewha Womans University |
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This study investigates the effects of Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance performance. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: a combined training group, a Pilates-only group, and a control group. Static and dynamic balance were assessed before and after the intervention.
This study was registered retrospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov after participant enrollment had begun. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to participant enrollment.
Postural control is maintained through the integration of sensory information from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Among these systems, cervical proprioception plays a critical role in providing information about head position and movement, which contributes to the regulation of balance and postural stability. Alterations or deficits in cervical proprioceptive input may negatively influence sensorimotor control and balance performance.
Laser-guided visual feedback training has been used to enhance cervical joint position sense and improve sensorimotor control by providing real-time visual information about head and neck movements. This method allows individuals to actively adjust head position based on visual feedback, thereby facilitating proprioceptive retraining.
The reformer exercise method is a form of resistance-based exercise that emphasizes controlled movements, core stabilization, and neuromuscular coordination. Integrating cervical proprioceptive training with reformer exercise may further enhance postural control by promoting coordinated activation of trunk and neck musculature.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a reformer exercise program incorporating cervical proprioceptive training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance ability. Pilates Reformer-based exercises combined with cervical proprioceptive training tasks were proceeded. Balance performance and proprioception were evaluated using static and dynamic balance measures and cervical joint position error before and after the intervention.
The findings of this study may provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of integrating laser-guided visual feedback-based cervical proprioceptive training into exercise programs aimed at improving balance and postural stability.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical Sensorimotor Training with Pilates Reformer Exercise | Experimental | Participants performed Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback. |
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| Pilates-only Exercise Group | Active Comparator | Participants performed a Pilates reformer exercise program without cervical sensorimotor training. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants had no intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical Sensorimotor Training | Behavioral | Laser-guided cervical sensorimotor training designed to improve cervical joint position sense. Training included head repositioning tasks with visual feedback under progressively challenging postural conditions involving different base-of-support and surface stability levels. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Title: Dynamic balance - COP medio-lateral excursion rate(COP ML Rate) during gait stance phase | Dynamic postural control assessed as the COP medio-lateral rate during gait (COP medio-lateral distance (mm)/foot width (mm)x100); higher percentages indicate greater COP curvature, reflecting a more normal foot rollover pattern. Unit of Measure: percent (%) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Dynamic balance - COP Sway Rate during gait stance phase | Dynamic postural control assessed as COP Sway Rate during gait (Net Sway Length/COP Path Length × 100); values closer to 0% indicate better dynamic balance. Unit of Measure: percent (%) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Dynamic balance - Y-Balance Test (YBT) composite score | Dynamic balance assessed using Y-Balance Test score (% of limb length); higher values indicate better dynamic balance. Unit of Measure: percent (%) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Title: Static balance - COP Sway Distance during quiet standing | Static postural stability assessed as the distance of center of pressure (COP) sway during quiet standing; values closer to 0 mm indicate better static balance. Unit of Measure: millimeters (mm) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Static balance - COP ellipse area during quiet standing |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Static posture balance - plantar pressure distribution across foot quadrants | Static posture balance assessed as plantar pressure distribution across four foot quadrants during quiet standing; values closer to 25% indicate better static posture balance. Unit of Measure: percent (%) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Rearfoot alignment - resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Only female adults were included to reduce sex-related variability in balance and cervical proprioception measurements.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ewha Womans University | Seoul | 03760 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33218566 | Background | Zarei H, Norasteh AA, Rahmanpournashrudkoli A, Hajihoseini E. The effects of Pilates training on static and dynamic balance of female deaf students: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020 Oct;24(4):63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 May 11. | |
| 29427867 | Background | Wannaprom N, Treleaven J, Jull G, Uthaikhup S. Neck muscle vibration produces diverse responses in balance and gait speed between individuals with and without neck pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018 Jun;35:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 5. |
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IPD will not be shared due to privacy and ethical restrictions.
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Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Pilates exercise combined with sensory integration training, (2) Pilates exercise only, or (3) a control group with no exercise intervention. The intervention were conducted for a specified period, and gait parameters were measured as outcome variables to evaluate the effects of the interventions on gait characteristics.
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This was an open-label study. Blinding was not feasible due to the nature of the exercise intervention.
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| Pilates Reformer Exercise | Behavioral | Pilates Reformer-based exercise focusing on trunk stabilization, postural alignment, controlled balance using spring-based resistance and different base-of-support. |
|
Static postural stability assessed as the area of the COP sway ellipse during quiet standing, with smaller areas indicating better static balance. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) |
| Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Accuracy | Cervical Joint Position Sense-Accuracy assessed using the Cervical Joint Position Error Test (CJPET) as the mean absolute linear repositioning error over five repetitions to the left and five to the right; values closer to 0 cm indicate better cervical position sense. Unit of Measure: centimeters (cm) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Precision | Cervical Joint Position Sense - Precision assessed using the CJPET as the standard deviation of linear repositioning error over five repetitions to the left and five to the right; values closer to 0 cm indicate better cervical position sense. Unit of Measure: centimeters (cm) | Baseline and 12 weeks |
Rearfoot alignment assessed using RCSP in degrees. An angle of 0° is ideal (normal range: -2° to +2°), with positive values indicating valgus and negative values indicating varus. Unit of Measure: degrees (°) |
| Baseline and 12 weeks |
| 28622488 | Background | Treleaven J. Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Visual Disturbances, and Sensorimotor Control in Traumatic Neck Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Jul;47(7):492-502. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7052. Epub 2017 Jun 16. |