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The proposed patient study represents the first-ever acute myocarditis patient imaging study with 64Cu-GRIP B PET. The tracer is designed to detect extracellular granzyme B as it is secreted by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cardiomyocyte inflammatory microenvironment, highlighting areas of CD8 T cell activity leading to cardiomyocyte damage. Myocarditis is characterized pathologically by myocardial infiltration of T cells and macrophages with presence of cardiomyocyte death - the proposed tracer tests for both the accumulation of CD8 T cells and their cytotoxic activity, which will hopefully significantly improve diagnostic certainty. The study population is focused on patients with acute myocarditis to assess the specificity and sensitivity of 64Cu-GRIP B to detect myocarditis. In future studies, 64Cu-GRIP B PET may also serve as a biomarker to monitor early response to immunomodulatory therapies to treat acute myocarditis.
Each year at UCSF, the investigators encounter about 20 patients with acute myocarditis. These patients often present with non-specific cardiac symptoms with some evidence of cardiac injury (abnormal electrocardiogram or elevation in cardiac biomarkers such as troponin). Rarely is the diagnosis clear and often numerous additional clinical studies are necessary to rule out other common causes of cardiac injury like myocardial infarction. Patients identified with acute myocarditis by the investigators will receive standard clinical testing as appropriate and will also be consented to participate in a PET study with 64Cu-GRIP B. Over the course of this proposal, the investigators expect to enroll 10 patients who are being evaluated for acute myocarditis determined by current standard of care diagnostic modalities. The investigators will perform this feasibility assessment in parallel to the usual clinical care.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort A: participants with acute myocarditis (5 males, 5 females) | Experimental | Participants will undergo whole body PET imaging 4 hours (+/- 1 hour) following 64Cu-GRIP B injections. 64Cu-GRIP B will be administered on an outpatient basis. It will be administered intravenously prior to PET imaging. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 64Cu-GRIP B is a radiolabeled peptide tracer, a copper-64 isotope bound to a peptide designed to target extracellular Granzyme B | Drug | The proposed patient study represents the first-ever acute myocarditis patient imaging study with 64Cu-GRIP B PET. The tracer is designed to detect extracellular granzyme B as it is secreted by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cardiomyocyte inflammatory microenvironment, highlighting areas of CD8 T cell activity leading to cardiomyocyte damage. This study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of 64Cu-GRIP B PET in detecting acute myocarditis. Notably, 64Cu-GRIP is currently being investigated in the setting of cancer in NCT05888532 and has been well tolerated. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| To assess the feasibility of detecting affected cardiac tissue in patients with acute myocarditis | • SUVmax of at least 1.5-fold above adjacent background at 4 hours post injection | From first dose administration through the safety follow-up at Day 70 |
| To descriptively compare the number of areas of cardiac inflammation detected on ⁶⁴Cu-GRIP B PET imaging with those observed in a separate ⁶⁴Cu-GRIP B PET study of patients with cancer | • Compare the uptake in acute myocarditis cohort compared to the cohort from NCT05888532 that are undergoing the same PET imaging protocol but have no signs of myocarditis. | From first dose administration through the safety follow-up at Day 70 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Association Between 64Cu-GRIP B PET Uptake and Blood-Based Immune Parameters | Association between myocardial uptake of 64Cu-GRIP B measured by PET and blood-based immune biomarkers (e.g., circulating cytokine levels) in participants with acute myocarditis | From first dose administration through the safety follow-up at Day 70 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed myocarditis in accordance with the Dallas Criteria
The subject is able and willing to comply with study procedures and provide signed and dated informed consent
Age ≥18 years
Demonstrates adequate organ function as defined below:
Adequate bone marrow function:
absolute neutrophil count ≥1,500/mcL platelets ≥100,000/mcL
Adequate hepatic function:
total bilirubin within normal institutional limits, unless elevated due to Gilbert's syndrome and direct bilirubin is within normal limits AST(SGOT) ≤3 X institutional upper limit of normal ALT(SGPT) ≤3 X institutional upper limit of normal
Adequate renal function:
creatinine ≤ 1.5 x within institutional upper limit of normal OR creatinine clearance GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, unless data exists supporting safe use at lower kidney function values, no lower than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial.
For participants with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated.
Individuals with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For individuals with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load.
The effects of 64Cu-GRIP B on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason and because a diagnostic PET radiotracer that is used in this trial is known to be teratogenic, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception for the duration of study participation and for 2 weeks after last administration of study drug. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately.
Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must also agree to use adequate contraception prior to the study, for the duration of study participation, and 2 weeks after administration of study drug.
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Javid J Moslehi, MD | Contact | 415-353-3110 | javid.moslehi@ucsf.edu |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of California, San Francisco | San Francisco | California | 94143 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40335724 | Background | Fankhauser RG, Johnson DB, Moslehi JJ, Balko JM. Preclinical mouse models of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2025 May;4(5):526-538. doi: 10.1038/s44161-025-00640-2. Epub 2025 May 7. | |
| 41605248 | Background | Song EJ, Joachimbauer A, Tasca S, Baylis R, Schmidt D, Ludewig B, Moslehi JJ. T cells in acute and chronic myocarditis: from diagnosis to treatment. Eur Heart J. 2026 May 18;47(19):2255-2270. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf1080. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004194 | Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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|
| Association Between 64Cu-GRIP B PET Uptake and Circulating Immune Cell Populations |
Association between myocardial uptake of 64Cu-GRIP B measured by PET and circulating immune cell populations measured in peripheral blood in participants with acute myocarditis |
| From first dose administration through the safety follow-up at Day 70 |
| Association Between 64Cu-GRIP B PET Uptake and Tissue-Based Immune Parameters | Association between myocardial uptake of 64Cu-GRIP B measured by PET and immune parameters measured in myocardial tissue samples in participants with acute myocarditis | From first dose administration through the safety follow-up at Day 70 |
| 27469363 | Background | Ehlerding EB, England CG, McNeel DG, Cai W. Molecular Imaging of Immunotherapy Targets in Cancer. J Nucl Med. 2016 Oct;57(10):1487-1492. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.177493. Epub 2016 Jul 28. |
| 34729407 | Background | Zhao N, Bardine C, Lourenco AL, Wang YH, Huang Y, Cleary SJ, Wilson DM, Oh DY, Fong L, Looney MR, Evans MJ, Craik CS. In Vivo Measurement of Granzyme Proteolysis from Activated Immune Cells with PET. ACS Cent Sci. 2021 Oct 27;7(10):1638-1649. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00529. Epub 2021 Sep 2. |
| 32539614 | Background | Zhang L, Zlotoff DA, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Nohria A, Hassan MZO, Thuny F, Zubiri L, Chen CL, Sullivan RJ, Alvi RM, Rokicki A, Murphy SP, Jones-O'Connor M, Heinzerling LM, Barac A, Forrestal BJ, Yang EH, Gupta D, Kirchberger MC, Shah SP, Rizvi MA, Sahni G, Mandawat A, Mahmoudi M, Ganatra S, Ederhy S, Zatarain-Nicolas E, Groarke JD, Tocchetti CG, Lyon AR, Thavendiranathan P, Cohen JV, Reynolds KL, Fradley MG, Neilan TG. Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and the Timing and Dose of Corticosteroids in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis. Circulation. 2020 Jun 16;141(24):2031-2034. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044703. Epub 2020 Jun 15. No abstract available. |
| 30545455 | Background | Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Kramer CM, Carbone I, Sechtem U, Kindermann I, Gutberlet M, Cooper LT, Liu P, Friedrich MG. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Dec 18;72(24):3158-3176. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.072. |
| 37014337 | Background | Ammirati E, Moslehi JJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Myocarditis: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Apr 4;329(13):1098-1113. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.3371. |