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University students face increasing academic and psychosocial demands that place them at risk of reduced psychological well-being. Positive psychology interventions have demonstrated efficacy in promoting mental health; however, few are grounded explicitly in Seligman's PERMA model and adherence to digital interventions remains limited. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of a brief PERMA-based psychological intervention delivered via a smartphone application, with and without supplementary telephone multiconference support, compared to a waiting list control group. The intervention consists of five weekly modules targeting Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and at six-month follow-up.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| App-based PERMA intervention (PPIA) | Experimental | Behavioral intervention delivered via smartphone app. Five weekly modules corresponding to the PERMA domains. |
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| App-based PERMA intervention plus telephone multiconference (PPIA+M) | Experimental | Same app-based intervention supplemented by weekly 30-minute group telephone multiconference sessions. |
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| Waiting List Control Group (WLCG) | No Intervention | Participants receive no intervention during the study period and are granted access after completion. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| App Based PERMA intervention | Behavioral | The PPIA intervention is a structured psychological program grounded in the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011). This model proposes that long-term flourishing depends on developing five pillars: Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. The intervention is further supported by the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001), flow theory (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), research on character strengths and positive relationships (Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Reis & Gable, 2003), meaning in life (Steger, 2009), the goal-setting theory (Locke & Latham, 2002) and growth mindset principles (Dweck, 2006). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline emotional well-being to post-intervention (5 weeks) and 6-month follow-up | One of the primary outcomes of the study will be emotional well-being. This construct will be evaluated using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS; Tennant et al., 2007). | Pre- and post -intervention (5 weeks) and 6-month follow-up |
| Change from baseline well-being to post-intervention (5 weeks) and 6-month follow-up | One of the primary outcomes of this study will be well-being (which comprises three elements, emotional, psychological and social well-being)l. This constructs will be evaluated using the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2002). | Pre- and post -intervention (5 weeks) and 6-month follow-up. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanessa Blanco, Professor | Contact | +34 881813744 | vanessa.blanco@usc.es |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Miltenberger, R. G. (2012). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures (5th ed). Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. | ||
| 11315248 | Background | Fredrickson BL. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol. 2001 Mar;56(3):218-26. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218. | |
| 12237980 |
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Researchers will report study results through publications. The data supporting these findings will be presented in the main publications, and the datasets used during the study can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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|
| App Based PERMA intervention plus telephone multiconference | Behavioral | The PPIA intervention is a structured psychological program grounded in the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011). This model proposes that long-term flourishing depends on developing five pillars: Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. The intervention is further supported by the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001), flow theory (Csikszentmihalyi,1990), research on character strengths and positive relationships (Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Reis & Gable, 2003), meaning in life (Steger, 2009), the goalsetting theory (Locke & Latham, 2002) and growth mindset principles (Dweck, 2006). Additionally, the multiconference component will consist of weekly 30-minute telephone-based multiconference sessions. During these sessions, positive or corrective feedback will be delivered in accordance with Miltenberger's guidelines (Miltenberger, 2012) after reviewing the completed homework. |
|
| Background |
| Locke EA, Latham GP. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. Am Psychol. 2002 Sep;57(9):705-17. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.57.9.705. |
| 18042300 | Background | Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, Parkinson J, Secker J, Stewart-Brown S. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Nov 27;5:63. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-5-63. |
| 12096700 | Background | Keyes CL. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav. 2002 Jun;43(2):207-22. |
| Background | Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random house. |
| Background | Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 679-687). Oxford University Press. |
| Background | Reis, H. T., & Gable, S. L. (2003). Toward a positive psychology of relationships. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 129-159). Oxford University Press. |
| Background | Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press. |
| Background | Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row. |
| Background | Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Simon and Schuster. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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