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This interventional study evaluates the effectiveness of two 10-week self-regulation training programs (coaching-based and mindfulness-based) designed to enhance mental health and employability resources among healthcare workers (HCWs). Participants are allocated into two intervention arms based on their baseline level of emotional self-regulation. The study applies a non-randomized controlled pre-test/post-test design. The primary outcome is change in employability. Secondary outcomes include mental health indicators, such as perceived stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms and self-regulation. A follow-up assessment was conducted six weeks after the post-test. Additionally, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore participants' subjective experiences with the interventions.
This interventional study employed a non-randomized, parallel-group, pre-test/post-test design to examine the impact of two different behavioral interventions on healthcare workers' (HCWs) psychological resources and employability.
Participant Allocation: Participants were allocated into two study arms based on their initial level of emotional self-regulation, measured by the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) at baseline. This tailored approach ensured that participants received the intervention most suited to their current psychological needs.
Study Arms and Interventions:
Data Collection and Methodology: Quantitative data were collected at three time points: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 10), and a Follow-up assessment (Week 16). The primary focus was the change in employability scores, with secondary measures tracking anxiety, perceived stress, and general well-being.
Qualitative Component: To provide a deeper understanding of the intervention's impact, a qualitative component was included. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subset of participants after the program completion. These interviews explored subjective experiences and perceived changes in professional life, and the data were subsequently processed using thematic analysis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Training Program | Experimental | Participants with lower baseline emotional self-regulation receive a structured 10-week mindfulness-based intervention aimed at improving emotional regulation and stress management. |
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| Coaching Training Program | Experimental | Participants with optimal baseline emotional self-regulation receive a structured 10-week coaching-based self-regulation training focused on goal setting, resilience, and career development. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coaching-Based Self-Regulation Training | Behavioral | The coaching program is a ten-week intervention based on a meta-analysis of employability training programs. It helps participants identify core professional challenges and personal strengths. Participants work on setting specific goals, creating action plans, and following up on execution. The primary aim is to empower healthcare workers to take actions that reduce stress and improve mental health to support better long-term employability. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in overall employability score | Employability was assessed using the Dispositional Measure of Employability (Employability Scale). The scale consists of 25 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Total average scores range from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater employability. | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mental Health Indicators: Change in Self-Regulation | Self-regulation will be assessed using the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire. The instrument contains 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with total average scores ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate better self-regulation. | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences | Bratislava | Slovakia | 821 05 | Slovakia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Cohen, S. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health (pp. 31-67). Sage Publications, Inc. Fugate, M., & Kinicki, A. J. (2008). A dispositional approach to employability: Development of a measure and test of implications for employee reactions to organizational change. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(3), 503-527. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317907X241579 Jakešová, J., Gavora, P., Kalenda, J., & Vávrová, S. (2016). Czech validation of the self-regulation and self-efficacy questionnaires for learning. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 313-321. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167-176. Wittekind, A., Raeder, S., & Grote, G. (2010). A longitudinal study of determinants of perceived employability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 566-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.646 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002055 | Burnout, Professional |
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| D000080103 | Emotional Regulation |
| D000073397 | Occupational Stress |
| D000068356 | Self-Control |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009784 | Occupational Diseases |
| D000077062 | Burnout, Psychological |
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
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Model Description
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Masking Description
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| Mindfulness training program | Behavioral | The mindfulness program is a ten-week intervention designed for participants with lower baseline self-regulation. It focuses on developing skills such as stress management, emotion regulation, and cognitive processing. The program utilizes a combination of meditative mindfulness, relaxation techniques, guided imagery, and reflective writing. The aim is to achieve an optimal level of self-regulation to reduce anxious or depressive thoughts and promote employability. |
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| Change in Mental Health Indicators: Change in Perceived Employability | Perceived employability will be measured using the Perceived Employability Scale (3-item version). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with total average scores ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate higher perceived employability (better outcome). | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
| Change in Mental Health Indicators: Change in Psychological Well-Being | Psychological well-being will be assessed using the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index. The scale includes 5 items rated from 0 to 5. The total score is multiplied by four, resulting in a total score of 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater psychological well-being (better outcome) and lower scores indicate depression. | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
| Change in Mental Health Indicators: Change in Anxiety Symptoms | Anxiety symptoms will be measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale. The scale consists of 7 items rated from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety symptom severity (worse outcome) | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
| Change in Mental Health Indicators: Change in Perceived Stress | Perceived stress will be assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale - 4 Item Version. The scale includes 4 items rated from 0 to 4, yielding total scores ranging from 0 to 16. Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress (worse outcome) | Baseline (Pre-test), 10 weeks (Post-test), and 16 weeks (Follow-up) |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |