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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayo Clinic CTSA | Other Identifier | Mayo Clinic |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCaTS) | UNKNOWN |
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The goal of this descriptive study is to examine levels of moral distress (MD), moral injury (MI), & post-traumatic stress (PTS) levels among nursing staff at Mayo Clinic. The main questions this study aims to answer are:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayo Clinic Nurses | Mayo Clinic Department of Nursing staff across the enterprise including advanced practice nurses, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing support/unlicensed staff. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surveys | Other | Participants will complete an electronic survey containing the Measure of Moral Distress- Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP), Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) including functional outcome measures adapted from the Brief Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning, The PCL-5 Checklist for DSM-5 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5)) (PCL-5), and the Well-Being Index (WBI), additionally including a demographic questionnaire with wellbeing questions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Measure of Moral Distress-Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) Score | The MMD-HP (Measure of Moral Distress-Healthcare Professionals) is a 27-item moral distress scale. A composite score is computed for items 1 - 25 and is obtained by multiplying the frequency scores (0 = Never to 4 = Very Frequently scale) and the distress scores (0 = None to 4 = Very Distressing scale) for each item; the products of these can range from 0 - 16. Higher scores indicate a greater deal of moral distress. | Baseline |
| Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) score | The Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) is a 14-item self-reported survey divided into two subscales-shame-related and trust-violation related. Both the shame and trust-violated subscales are seven items per subscale. Respondents are asked to indicate how strongly they agree with each statement in the past month using a 5 point Likert scale where 0 = Strongly Disagree and 4 = Strongly Agree. The total score range for each subscale is 0 - 28, and the overall score range is 0 - 56. Symptom severity is categorized as follows: 14 - 28 indicates mild moral injury, 29 - 42 indicates moderate moral injury, and 35 - 56 indicates severe moral injury. | Baseline |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PCL-5) score | The PCL - 5 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) Checklist) is a 20-item self-reported survey that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD. Respondents are asked to indicate the frequency that each item occurs on a 5 point Likert scale where 0 = Not at All and 4 = Extremely. The total score is the sum of all 20 questions, with higher scores indicating a greater likelihood of PTSD. | Baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
• Mayo Clinic Department of Nursing Staff including:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Mayo Clinic Department of Nursing Staff across all Mayo Clinic sites, including: Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota; Mayo Clinic in Arizona; Mayo Clinic in Florida; and Mayo Clinic Health System sites in the midwest.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Melissa A Wilson, PhD | Mayo Clinic | Principal Investigator |
| Cindy Tofthagen, PhD | Mayo Clinic | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayo Clinic | Phoenix | Arizona | 85054 | United States | ||
| Mayo Clinic |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30138124 | Background | Dyrbye LN, Johnson PO, Johnson LM, Satele DV, Shanafelt TD. Efficacy of the Well-Being Index to Identify Distress and Well-Being in U.S. Nurses. Nurs Res. 2018 Nov/Dec;67(6):447-455. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000313. | |
| 26751087 | Background | Wortmann JH, Jordan AH, Weathers FW, Resick PA, Dondanville KA, Hall-Clark B, Foa EB, Young-McCaughan S, Yarvis JS, Hembree EA, Mintz J, Peterson AL, Litz BT. Psychometric analysis of the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychol Assess. 2016 Nov;28(11):1392-1403. doi: 10.1037/pas0000260. Epub 2016 Jan 11. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
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|
| Jacksonville |
| Florida |
| 32250 |
| United States |
| Mayo Clinic | Rochester | Minnesota | 55905 | United States |
| 38218124 | Background | Houle SA, Ein N, Gervasio J, Plouffe RA, Litz BT, Carleton RN, Hansen KT, Liu JJW, Ashbaugh AR, Callaghan W, Thompson MM, Easterbrook B, Smith-MacDonald L, Rodrigues S, Belanger SAH, Bright K, Lanius RA, Baker C, Younger W, Bremault-Phillips S, Hosseiny F, Richardson JD, Nazarov A; Atlas Institute Moral Injury Research Community of Practice. Measuring moral distress and moral injury: A systematic review and content analysis of existing scales. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024 Mar;108:102377. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102377. Epub 2023 Dec 27. |
| 40033517 | Background | Booth AT, Robinson KL. System-wide assessment using the Measure of Moral Distress - Healthcare professionals. Nurs Ethics. 2025 Aug;32(5):1629-1643. doi: 10.1177/09697330251324296. Epub 2025 Mar 3. |
| 38334706 | Background | D'Alessandro-Lowe AM, Patel H, Easterbrook B, Ritchie K, Brown A, Xue Y, Karram M, Millman H, Sullo E, Pichtikova M, Nicholson A, Heber A, Malain A, O'Connor C, Schielke H, Rodrigues S, Hosseiny F, McCabe RE, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC. The independent and combined impact of moral injury and moral distress on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2299661. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2299661. Epub 2024 Feb 9. |
| 27797570 | Background | Austin CL, Saylor R, Finley PJ. Moral distress in physicians and nurses: Impact on professional quality of life and turnover. Psychol Trauma. 2017 Jul;9(4):399-406. doi: 10.1037/tra0000201. Epub 2016 Oct 31. |
| 26606250 | Background | Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015 Dec;28(6):489-98. doi: 10.1002/jts.22059. Epub 2015 Nov 25. |
| 32372541 | Background | Schuster M, Dwyer PA. Post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses: An integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Aug;29(15-16):2769-2787. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15288. Epub 2020 May 5. |
| 38382965 | Background | Brennan CJ, Roberts C, Cole JC. Prevalence of occupational moral injury and post-traumatic embitterment disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2024 Feb 20;14(2):e071776. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071776. |
| 36355661 | Background | Weber MC, Smith AJ, Jones RT, Holmes GA, Johnson AL, Patrick RNC, Alexander MD, Miyazaki Y, Wright H, Ehman AC, Langenecker SA, Benight CC, Pyne JM, Harris JI, Usset TJ, Maguen S, Griffin BJ. Moral injury and psychosocial functioning in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Serv. 2023 Feb;20(1):19-29. doi: 10.1037/ser0000718. Epub 2022 Nov 10. |
| 35925697 | Background | Ehman AC, Smith AJ, Wright H, Langenecker SA, Benight CC, Maguen S, Pyne JM, Harris JI, Cooney N, Griffin BJ. Exposure to potentially morally injurious events and mental health outcomes among frontline workers affected by the coronavirus pandemic. Psychol Trauma. 2023 Mar;15(3):524-535. doi: 10.1037/tra0001345. Epub 2022 Aug 4. |
| 33435300 | Background | Hines SE, Chin KH, Glick DR, Wickwire EM. Trends in Moral Injury, Distress, and Resilience Factors among Healthcare Workers at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 9;18(2):488. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020488. |
| 29187830 | Background | Papazoglou K, Chopko B. The Role of Moral Suffering (Moral Distress and Moral Injury) in Police Compassion Fatigue and PTSD: An Unexplored Topic. Front Psychol. 2017 Nov 15;8:1999. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01999. eCollection 2017. No abstract available. |
| Background | Maguen S, Litz BT. Moral Injury in Veterans of War. PTSD Research Quarterly (RQ). 2012;23(1):1-3. |
| 24407133 | Background | Gibbons SW, Shafer M, Hickling EJ, Ramsey G. How do deployed health care providers experience moral injury? Narrat Inq Bioeth. 2013 Winter;3(3):247-59. doi: 10.1353/nib.2013.0055. |
| 19683376 | Background | Litz BT, Stein N, Delaney E, Lebowitz L, Nash WP, Silva C, Maguen S. Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009 Dec;29(8):695-706. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003. Epub 2009 Jul 29. |
| Background | Shay J. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York, NY: Scribner; 1994. 246 p. |
| 27136652 | Background | Yan GW. The Invisible Wound: Moral Injury and Its Impact on the Health of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Mil Med. 2016 May;181(5):451-8. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00103. |
| 32271070 | Background | Horesh D, Brown AD. Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychol Trauma. 2020 May;12(4):331-335. doi: 10.1037/tra0000592. |
| Background | Wingfield T, Taegtmeyer M. Healthcare workers and Coronavirus: Behind the stiff upper lip we are highly vulnerable Waltham, MA: The Conversation; 2020 [Available from: https://theconversation.com/healthcare-workers-and-coronavirus-behind-the-stiff-upper-lip-we-are-highly-vulnerable-133864. |
| 28807499 | Background | Agazio J, Goodman P. Making the hard decisions: Ethical care decisions in wartime nursing practice. Nurs Outlook. 2017 Sep-Oct;65(5S):S92-S99. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.06.010. Epub 2017 Jun 30. |
| 23855421 | Background | Gibbons SW, Shafer M, Aramanda L, Hickling EJ, Benedek DM. Combat health care providers and resiliency: adaptive coping mechanisms during and after deployment. Psychol Serv. 2014 May;11(2):192-9. doi: 10.1037/a0033165. Epub 2013 Jul 15. |
| Background | American Association of Critical Care Nurses. AACN Public Policy Position Statement 2001. Aliso Viejo, CA: American Association of Critical Care Nurses; 2001. |
| 31002584 | Background | Epstein EG, Whitehead PB, Prompahakul C, Thacker LR, Hamric AB. Enhancing Understanding of Moral Distress: The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals. AJOB Empir Bioeth. 2019 Apr-Jun;10(2):113-124. doi: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1586008. Epub 2019 Apr 19. |
| Background | American Association of Critical Care Nurses. Moral distress public policy position statement. Aliso Viejo, CA: American Association of Critical Care Nurses; 2008. |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |