This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Critical Care Pressure Ulcer Assessment Tool Made Easy (CALCULATE) into Turkish and to evaluate its validity and reliability for use in ICU patients.

This study sought to answer the following questions:

Is the Turkish version of the CALCULATE Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale a valid instrument for determining the risk of pressure injury in patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)?

Is the Turkish version of the CALCULATE Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale a reliable instrument for determining the risk of pressure injury in patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)?

Pressure injuries (PIs) are largely preventable adverse events that reduce patients' quality of life and create a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems. A PI is a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical device, caused by pressure and/or shear forces.

Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are among the most vulnerable groups because they are exposed to multiple risk factors, including immobility, sedation, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability, and medical devices. As a result, the risk of developing PIs in the ICU is reported to be about four times higher than in other patient groups, and most cases occur between 5 and 25 days of hospitalization.

International evidence shows that PI prevalence and incidence are higher in ICUs than in general wards. PIs, especially advanced-stage injuries, are also associated with significantly increased treatment costs. In Türkiye, although rates vary across institutions, PI occurrence in ICUs remains clinically significant, and medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPIs) constitute a considerable proportion of cases.

Preventing hospital-acquired PIs is widely accepted as an important indicator of healthcare quality and remains a major clinical priority. The 2025 EPUAP guideline emphasizes that risk assessment should be considered not only as a screening step but as a comprehensive clinical decision-making process that guides individualized preventive care plans. Although more than 40 instruments have been developed to assess PI risk, tools designed for general patient populations may not adequately reflect the unique risk profile of critically ill ICU patients.

Based on this rationale, a validity and reliability study of the CALCULATE Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, which was developed in the United Kingdom, was conducted in Türkiye.

Inclusion Criteria:

• participants were adults (≥ 18 years)
• ICU length of stay of ≥24 h
• No Pressure ınjury at admission

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients discharged before completing 24 hours in the ICU
• Patients who were not cared for on specialized beds used in the ICU

Study participants were recruited from the Anesthesiology and Reanimation Intensive Care Unit of a training and research hospital in Istanbul, Türkiye. Participants were enrolled from patients receiving routine care in this ICU.