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This randomized controlled study examines the effects of a structured stress coping training program on perceived stress, cognitive flexibility, psychological resilience, and burnout among university students. The research is conducted at the Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, and the Department of Occupational Therapy, Gülhane Faculty of Health Sciences. A total of 64 students aged between 18 and 25 who meet the inclusion criteria participate in the study. Students in the experimental group attend a 12-week stress coping training program consisting of one-hour weekly sessions, while the control group participates only in the assessment procedures.
Data are collected face-to-face before and after the intervention using a demographic information form, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, the Resilience Scale for Adults, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Form. Statistical analyses are performed using SPSS 28.0, with parametric or non-parametric tests applied according to data distribution. Effect sizes are calculated using Cohen's d.
The findings contribute to the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of structured stress management programs in improving psychological well-being among university students and provide implications for preventive interventions within higher education settings.
This randomized controlled study investigates the effectiveness of a structured stress coping training program on perceived stress, cognitive flexibility, psychological resilience, and burnout among university students. University students are frequently exposed to academic demands, performance pressure, time constraints, and role-related challenges, which may negatively affect their psychological well-being. Structured psychoeducational interventions aimed at enhancing adaptive coping strategies may contribute to improved emotional regulation, cognitive adaptability, and overall resilience. Within this context, the present study evaluates the impact of a 12-week stress coping program grounded in cognitive-behavioral and skills-based approaches.
The research is conducted at the Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, and the Department of Occupational Therapy, Gülhane Faculty of Health Sciences. A total of 64 healthy university students aged between 18 and 25 years who meet the inclusion criteria participate in the study. Participants are assigned to either an experimental group (n=32) or a control group (n=32). The experimental group receives a structured stress coping training program consisting of weekly one-hour sessions over 12 weeks, delivered by an expert academician in the field. The program includes modules on stress awareness, identification of stressors, stages of stress, personality characteristics and stress, physiological and psychological responses to stress, breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, time management, problem-solving strategies, cognitive restructuring techniques, mental regulation methods, and relapse prevention. The control group does not receive the intervention during the study period but completes the same assessment procedures.
Data are collected face-to-face before and after the intervention using a Demographic Information Form, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, the Resilience Scale for Adults, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Form. Descriptive statistics summarize participant characteristics. Normality of the data is examined using skewness-kurtosis values, Shapiro-Wilk tests, and histogram distributions. Between-group and within-group comparisons are analyzed using appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests. Effect sizes are calculated using Cohen's d, and statistical significance is set at p < 0.05.
This study contributes empirical evidence regarding the role of structured stress coping interventions in enhancing adaptive psychological processes among university students. The findings provide implications for preventive mental health strategies and support the integration of structured stress management programs into higher education settings.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stress Coping Training Group | Experimental | Participants receive a structured 12-week stress coping training program consisting of weekly 1-hour sessions delivered face-to-face by an expert academician. The program includes stress awareness, identification of stressors, breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring, time management, problem-solving techniques, mental regulation strategies, and relapse prevention. Assessments are conducted before and after the intervention. |
|
| Control Group (No Intervention) | No Intervention | Control Group (No Intervention) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structured Stress Coping Training Program | Behavioral | The Structured Stress Coping Training Program is a 12-week face-to-face psychoeducational intervention delivered in weekly 1-hour sessions. The program is based on cognitive-behavioral and skills-based approaches and aims to enhance adaptive coping strategies among university students. The content includes stress awareness and identification of stressors, stages of stress, personality characteristics and stress, physiological and psychological responses to stress, breathing techniques, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness-based attention to the present moment, time management strategies, problem-solving skills, cognitive restructuring techniques, mental regulation strategies, and relapse prevention. The program is delivered by an expert academician in the field. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Level | Perceived stress is measured using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). The scale consists of 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4). Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher levels of perceived stress. | Baseline and Week 12 |
| Cognitive Flexibility Level | Cognitive flexibility is assessed using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), a 20-item 5-point Likert scale. Higher total scores indicate greater cognitive flexibility. | Baseline and Week 12 |
| Psychological Resilience Level | Psychological resilience is measured using the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), a 33-item scale assessing personal and social resilience dimensions. Higher scores indicate higher resilience. | Baseline and Week 12 |
| Burnout Level | Burnout is assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Form (MBI-SS), consisting of 13 items across three dimensions. Higher scores indicate higher burnout levels. | Baseline and Week 12 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | Ankara | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31153089 | Background | Eaves JL, Payne N. Resilience, stress and burnout in student midwives. Nurse Educ Today. 2019 Aug;79:188-193. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.05.012. Epub 2019 May 14. | |
| 32589644 | Background | Kalia V, Knauft K. Emotion regulation strategies modulate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on perceived chronic stress with implications for cognitive flexibility. PLoS One. 2020 Jun 26;15(6):e0235412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235412. eCollection 2020. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077062 | Burnout, Psychological |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| 27280714 | Background | Milojevich HM, Lukowski AF. Sleep and Mental Health in Undergraduate Students with Generally Healthy Sleep Habits. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 9;11(6):e0156372. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156372. eCollection 2016. |
| Background | Karaman MA, Lerma E, Vela JC, Watson JC. Predictors of academic stress among college students. Journal of College Counseling. 2019;22(1):41-55. |
| Background | Aspelmeier JE, Love MM, McGill LA, Elliott AN, Pierce TW. Self-esteem, locus of control, college adjustment, and GPA among first-and continuing-generation students: A moderator model of generational status. Research in Higher Education. 2012;53:755-81. |