This study aims to investigate how visual impairment affects neurophysiological and biomechanical responses during real-world navigation and daily activities, with a focus on the rehabilitative feasibility and impact of assistive technologies. These technologies include applications and wearable devices designed to support various aspects of daily living for individuals with visual impairment. The VIS4ION platform (Visually Impaired Smart Service System for Spatial Intelligence & On-board Navigation), a wearable system providing tactile and auditory feedback, is one component of this broader study. VIS4ION is designed to enhance environmental awareness and reduce cognitive load during mobility tasks for the visually impaired.

Participants with low vision and matched controls will complete walking, navigation, information gathering, and object identification / reaching tasks in both controlled laboratory and real-world environments. Throughout these tasks, physiological measures (e.g., electrodermal activity, heart rate, brain activity, eye movements), biomechanical data (e.g., gait, posture, limb movements), and cognitive metrics will be collected. VIS4ION will be specifically evaluated for its potential to improve the low vision users' scene understanding, navigation efficiency, increase physical activity (e.g., step count, moderate-equivalent minutes), and contribute to improved outcomes in terms of health, awareness, cognitive load, and safety.

Study tasks include obstacle negotiation, dual-task walking, and object identification / reaching under varying conditions (indoor vs. outdoor; with vs. without VIS4ION). A subset of participants will use VIS4ION over extended periods to assess its impact on activities in daily life in real-world settings.

Inclusion Criteria:

People with Visual Impairment:

• Age between 18 and 80 years.
• Diagnosis of visual impairment (any level, any etiology).
• Current use of a primary mobility assistive device (e.g., white cane or guide dog).
• Ability to travel independently (without assistance from another person).
• Capacity to provide informed consent.
• Willingness to complete all study-related assessments and procedures

Healthy Controls:

• Age between 18 and 80 years.
• No self-reported visual impairment or use of mobility assistive devices.
• Capacity to provide informed consent.
• Willingness to complete all study-related assessments and procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Significant cognitive dysfunction (score <24 on Folsteins' Mini Mental Status Examination)
• Previous neurological illness, complicated medical condition (inclusive of comorbid cognitive impairment)
• Significant mobility restrictions; people using walkers and wheelchairs
• Pregnancy
• Profound auditory impairments (i.e., cannot understand human speech)
• Somatosensory impairments to the trunk or torso that precludes use of the haptic interfaces
• Significant depression (score > 11 on the Geriatric Depression scale)

The de-identified participant data from the final research dataset will be shared upon reasonable request beginning 9 to 36 months after publication or as required by a condition of awards or supporting agreements, provided the requesting investigator executes a data use agreement with NYU Langone Health. This instance of data sharing will also require separate IRB review as well as review from NYU Langone's Data Sharing Strategy Board (DSSB). Requests should be directed to: Mahya.beheshti@nyulangone.org. The protocol and statistical analysis plan will be posted on Clinicaltrials.gov only as required by federal regulation or supporting awards and agreements.

Beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication or as required by a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research.

The investigator who proposed to use the data will be granted access upon reasonable request. Requests should be directed to Mahya.beheshti@nyulangone.org. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement. This instance of data sharing will also require separate IRB review as well as review from NYU Langone's DSSB.