Background and Scientific Rationale:

This prospective randomized controlled trial examines the combined effect of physiotherapy and vitamin D supplementation on pain, disability, interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, and vitamin D levels in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The study details the demographic and metabolic profiles of CLBP patients compared to healthy controls, addressing a previously underexplored aspect of chronic musculoskeletal pain therapy. A total of 100 patients with chronic low back pain and 100 healthy controls were enrolled. Sixty patients with chronic low back pain were randomly assigned to either receive physiotherapy alone (which included interferential therapy and exercise) or to undergo physiotherapy combined with vitamin D supplementation over six weeks. The outcomes measured included the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Arabic Oswestry Disability Index (AODI), serum IL-6 expression, and serum vitamin D levels, assessed at baseline and after the intervention.

Background and Scientific Rationale

Chronic low back pain (CLBP), defined as persistent pain in the lumbar region lasting more than 12 weeks, is a leading cause of disability worldwide and represents a significant public health concern. Beyond its musculoskeletal origins, CLBP is increasingly recognized as a condition with substantial systemic inflammatory components. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a complex pro-inflammatory cytokine, is identified as an elevated biomarker in patients with CLBP, likely contributing to both central and peripheral sensitization mechanisms that sustain chronic pain.

Additionally, vitamin D deficiency is frequently observed in individuals suffering from chronic low back pain. Vitamin D receptors are found in musculoskeletal tissues, immune cells, and the central nervous system, and vitamin D plays a role in regulating inflammatory pathways, particularly by suppressing IL-6 production. Despite this molecular intersection, the combined effects of physiotherapy-the cornerstone of non-pharmacological treatment for CLBP-and vitamin D supplementation on IL-6 levels and patient-reported outcomes remain underexplored in prospective controlled studies.

This study seeks to fill this evidence gap by (1) characterizing the metabolic and inflammatory profiles of CLBP patients compared to healthy individuals and (2) evaluating whether vitamin D supplementation, when added to physiotherapy, results in better clinical and biochemical outcomes than physiotherapy alone.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The study involves participants with LBP for more than 3 months.
• Both genders, aged 20 to 70 years
• Pain intensity of 4 or greater on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale
• Capable of understanding and following instructions.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Skeletal deformities
• Rheumatologic conditions
• Progressive motor weakness
• Incontinence
• A history of cancer Use of systemic medications and illnesses Fractures.

The study includes participants of both genders, aged 20 to 70 years.

The data will be shared based on the request