Primary liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), represents a major global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates. It ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, due largely to late diagnosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. Conventional treatment selection often relies on generalized guidelines rather than individualized response prediction, leading to suboptimal outcomes.

The necessity of utilizing in vitro 3D bioprinting of patient-derived tumor tissue for drug sensitivity testing lies in its ability to closely mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. This technology allows for the evaluation of therapeutic agents against a biologically relevant model before clinical administration, enabling personalized treatment strategies. Such an approach holds promise for improving drug response prediction, reducing ineffective treatments, and ultimately enhancing patient survival and quality of life.

Therefore, integrating 3D-bioprinted tumor models into pharmacotyping represents a significant advance toward precision oncology in primary liver cancer management.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of gastric cancer are deemed eligible for this study. Clinical physicians will meticulously record the medical histories, restricting inclusion to patients aged 18 years and above.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria encompass individuals with concomitant malignancies or severe comorbidities. Patients incapable of providing autonomous informed consent are ineligible for participation. All participants will undergo adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection, as part of the treatment protocol for localized gastric cancer.

Inclusion Criteria:

• More than 18 years old
• Patients previously diagnosed with gastric cancer or confirmed by pathology as having gastric cancer postoperatively.
• Patients who have undergone preoperative imaging examinations, including plain and contrast-enhanced CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, as well as gastric MRI for tumor staging, and who are planned for preoperative (neo)adjuvant therapy after multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion; patients with advanced gastric cancer who are confirmed by postoperative pathology to require (neo)adjuvant therapy.
• The patient or their family members are able to comprehend the research protocol and are willing to participate in this study, providing written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of other malignancies or serious medical conditions
• Inability to provide independent informed consent

Individual participant data (IPD) can be accessed with reasonable requests via e-mail. IPD will be shared after the study is completed.

The IPD data will available after the study is completed

Data can be accessed via e-mail with reasonable requests.