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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Pamukkale University | OTHER |
| Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University | OTHER |
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Brief Summary (for ClinicalTrials.gov) This cross-sectional observational study aims to identify independent determinants of static and dynamic balance in healthy young adults using a multidimensional assessment framework. A total of 119 healthy participants (mean age 22.6 ± 1.5 years; 61.3% female) completed standardized static balance tests (Stork Balance Test and Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions) and a dynamic balance test (Y-Balance Test for right and left limbs). Candidate explanatory factors include foot posture (Foot Posture Index-6), body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, general muscle strength (dominant hand grip strength), weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (knee-to-wall/weight-bearing lunge test), functional lower-limb strength (30-second sit-to-stand test), sex, and cognitive performance (Stroop Test Part 5). Multiple linear regression model (enter method) was used to determine which factors independently predict static and dynamic balance outcomes. Findings are expected to clarify which structural, functional, and cognitive variables most strongly contribute to balance performance in healthy young adults, informing targeted assessment and prevention strategies.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy participants |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants did not receive any intervention as part of the study; they only underwent assessments. | Diagnostic Test | Participants completed standardized static balance tests (Stork Balance Test and Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions) and dynamic balance assessments using the Y-Balance Test for both right and left limbs. In addition, the following measurements were obtained: foot posture (Foot Posture Index-6), body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, general muscle strength (dominant hand grip strength), weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (knee-to-wall/weight-bearing lunge test), functional lower-limb strength (30-second sit-to-stand test), sex, and cognitive performance (Stroop Test Part 5). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stork Balance Test (Eyes Open and Eyes Closed) Time | Time (seconds) maintained in the Stork Balance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Higher values indicate better static balance. | At a single study visit (baseline) |
| Tandem Stance Test (Eyes Open and Eyes Closed) Time | Time (seconds) maintained in the Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Higher values indicate better static balance. | At a single study visit (baseline) |
| Y-Balance Test Composite Score (Right and Left) | Y-Balance Test composite score (%) for the right and left lower limbs, calculated from reach distances and normalized to limb length. Higher values indicate better dynamic balance. | At a single study visit (baseline) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) | Foot posture assessed using the Foot Posture Index-6. Outcome: total FPI-6 score (-12 to +12), with higher scores indicating a more pronated foot posture. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Knee-to-Wall Test (KTW) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The study population consists of 119 healthy young adults who were voluntarily enrolled (mean age 22.6 ± 1.5 years; 61.3% female).
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pamukkale University | Antalya | Konyaaltı | 07070 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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Ankle mobility was assessed with the Knee-to-Wall Test (KTW). In this test, functional dorsiflexion flexibility was measured using a tape measure placed on the tip of the foot while the participant attempted to touch the wall with the knee without heel lift.
| Baseline (single assessment session) |
| 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test | Number of full sit-to-stand repetitions completed in 30 seconds. Higher counts indicate better functional lower-limb strength/endurance. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Dominant Hand Grip Strength | General muscle strength was assessed via dominant hand grip strength measurement. Dominant hand grip strength measured using a hand dynamometer. Outcome: mean grip strength (kg) across three trials. Higher values indicate greater general muscle strength. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Stroop Test | Cognitive performance was tested with the Stroop Test-Part 5. In this section, participants were required to name the ink color of incongruent color words rather than reading the words. Completion time was recorded with a stopwatch. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Fat Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis | Fat mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Skeletal Muscle Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis | Skeletal muscle mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Bone Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis | Bone mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms. | Baseline (single assessment session) |
| Total Body Water (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis | Total body water is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms. | Baseline (single assessment session) |