includes 20 patients with PD undergoing C-Mill treatment combined with semi-immersive virtual reality (VR). This group will participate in 12 training sessions, each lasting 45 minutes, four times a week for three weeks. Gait training in each session will include exercises such as path with obstacles, tandem walking, slalom, and walking at varying speeds, all enhanced with semi-immersive VR scenarios projected on the treadmill's floor. The VR component will feature visual obstacles, such as virtual traffic cones or country paths, in conjunction with audio-visual stimuli to promote engagement and guide movement.

Consists of 20 patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) undergoing C-Mill treatment as a standalone therapy, without the integration of virtual reality (VR). Participants will complete 12 training sessions, each lasting 45 minutes, four times a week for three weeks. The training sessions will include exercises such as tandem walking, slalom walking, obstacle courses, and walking at varying speeds, all designed to enhance gait and balance.

Consists of 20 patients with PD, who will undergo conventional physiotherapy training under the manual guidance and supervision of a physiotherapist. The rehabilitation program will include weight-shifting exercises, as well as monopodal and bipodal balance exercises. Gait training will incorporate obstacle courses (e.g., bricks, boxes) of varying shapes and colors, or paths created by the physiotherapist using furniture and equipment (e.g., chairs, traffic cones, sandbags). Patients will also perform slalom walking exercises, with auditory stimuli (e.g., music, therapist's voice) and visual cues (e.g., colored tape on the floor) to guide the exercises, adjusting their walking speed based on the auditory cues provided by the therapist.

C-Mill treatment combined with semi-immersive virtual reality (VR). The VR component will feature visual obstacles, such as virtual traffic cones or country paths, in conjunction with audio-visual stimuli to promote engagement and guide movement.

Relative abundance of bacterial and fungal taxa determined by sequencing the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA and ITS1-IT2 regions from fecal samples.

Unit of measurement: percentage of total sequencing reads(%).

Within-sample microbial diversity derived from sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS1-ITS2 regions from fecal samples, expressed as an alpha diversity index. Unit of Measure: alpha diversity index value. Higher values indicate greater microbial diversity.

Between-sample microbial community derived from the sequencing of V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA and ITS1-ITS2 and expressed as a beta diversity distance. Unit of Measure: beta diversity distance. Higher values indicate greater dissimilarity between samples.

Functional walking capacity measured as the total distance walked during the 6-Minute Walk Test. Unit of Measure: meters. Higher values indicate better walking capacity.

Walking ability assessed by measuring the time required to walk 10 meters at usual pace. Unit of Measure: seconds. Lower values indicate better walking performance.

Serum TNF-α, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, measured by ELISA to assess systemic inflammatory activation. Unit of Measure: pg/mL