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The study was conducted to determine the Effects of intrinsic muscles training on pain, balance and foot function in patients with Pes Planus
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy | Experimental |
| |
| Control Group: Conventional therapy | Active Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic Muscles Training | Other | Intrinsic muscle training includes Feet rolling exercise, Toe flexion (curls) exercise, Big toe extension exercise, Short foot exercise and Towel gathering exercise. All these exercises were performed by the participants of Experimental group in 3 sets each set comprising 10-20 repetitions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric pain rating scale | Numeric Pain rating scale is used to evaluate pain. It consists of 11 points, having score ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain, 1-3 represents mild pain, 4-6 represents moderate pain and 7-10 represents severe pain. | From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks. |
| Berg Balance scale | The Berg Balance Scale is a scale used to assess functional balance. It evaluates both dynamic and static balance through 14 tasks regarding mobility | From enrolment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks. |
| Foot Function Index | Foot Function Index questionnaire is used to measure the impact of foot pathology on pain, disability and activity restriction | From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Naila Kanwal | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital | Sialkot | Punjab Province | 51310 | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Preethi K, Kamalakannan M, Anitha A, Ramana K. Effectiveness of Jumping Rope Exercise Verses Short Foot Exercise on Pain and Quality of Life for Subjects with Flat Foot. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy. 2024;18. | ||
| Background | Khisty A, Kulkarni R, Desai P, Palekar TJ. Effect of short foot exercises on patients with flexible flat foot: a pre-post experimental study. Int J Health Sci Res. 2022;12(1):105-10. | ||
| 30860412 | Background | Unver B, Erdem EU, Akbas E. Effects of Short-Foot Exercises on Foot Posture, Pain, Disability, and Plantar Pressure in Pes Planus. J Sport Rehabil. 2019 Oct 18;29(4):436-440. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0363. Print 2020 May 1. | |
| Background | Demircioglu G, Genc H. The impact of different exercise approaches on balance in people with pes planus. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2025;33(1). |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005413 | Flatfoot |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000070558 | Talipes |
| D005531 | Foot Deformities, Acquired |
| D005530 | Foot Deformities |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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|
| conventional therapy | Other | Conventional physical therapy session includes
|
|
| 23632367 | Background | Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013 Oct;18(5):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Apr 28. |
| 35871320 | Background | Hara S, Kitano M, Kudo S. The effects of short foot exercises to treat flat foot deformity: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(1):21-33. doi: 10.3233/BMR-210374. |
| Background | Effects of exercise training programs on postural control and dynamic balance in individuals with flat feet and cavus feet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2023;10(1):1-8. |
| 34683038 | Background | Moon D, Jung J. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Oct 13;9(10):1358. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101358. |
| Background | Saleh M, Elimy D, Ibrahim A, Moharam A. Effect of backward walking training on foot posture and balance in flat foot adults. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2022;30(2):24-9. |
| Background | Iram A, Aman M, Aziz K, Abdullah B, Chaudhary AS. Effect of Short Foot Exercises on Pain and Foot Posture in Patients with Acquired Pes Planus. Journal of Health, Wellness and Community Research. 2025:e837-e |
| D005532 |
| Foot Deformities, Congenital |
| D038061 | Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital |
| D017880 | Limb Deformities, Congenital |
| D009139 | Musculoskeletal Abnormalities |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |